High Glycemic Index Diet Associations With Depression

In this review, we highlight the recent findings on high glycemic index diet associations with depression. We focus on GI, GL, high calorie diet and BMI and describe biological and behavioral mechanisms in relation to GI-Depression Introduction: The consumption of sweetened beverages, refined foods, and pastries has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, any influence that refined carbohydrates has on mood could be commensurate with their proportion in the overall diet; studies are therefore needed that measure overall intakes of carbohydrate and sugar, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load. The glycemic index or glycaemic index (GI) is a number associated with a particular type†¦show more content†¦The glycemic load (GL) of food is a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person s blood glucose level after eating it. One unit of glycemic load approximates the effect of consuming one gram of glucose. Glycemic load accounts for how much carbohydrate is in the food and how much each gram of carbohydrate in the food raises blood glucose levels. Glycemic load is based on the glycemic index (GI), and is calculated by multiplying the grams of available carbohydrate in the food times the food s GI and then dividing by 100. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person s thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. People with depressed mood can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, ashamed or restless. They may lose interest in activities that were once pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, and may contemplate, attempt or commit suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, aches, pains, digestive problems or reduced energy may also be present. Depressed mood is a feature of some psychiatric syndromes such as major depressive disorder, but it may also be a normal reaction to life events such as grief, a symptom of some bodily ailments or a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. In this review I will talk about high glycemic index

How Being A Woman In The Nineteenth Century Could...

Unlike the modern medicine, during the nineteenth century when the story â€Å"The yellow wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman takes place postpartum depression was not even considered a viable affliction. As a result Gilman’s unnamed protagonist and narrator, a wife of a doctor named John, suffers unnecessarily with the common illness ultimately plunging into insanity. The lack of understanding in the mental health field at that time is a contributing factor; however it is not the only thing to blame for â€Å"Mrs. John’s† downward spiral. Mrs. John herself contributes in her own undoing merely by doing what is expected of her as a subservient woman in that era. When first introduced to Mrs. John, she is being taken to a colonial mansion her†¦show more content†¦Mrs. John believes John is a loving and caring husband, but the fact that John continues to work for the duration of their stay in the mansion suggests that he has taken Mrs. John the re to hide her away while she is ill. Mrs. John’s perceived malady may have been an embarrassment for John. Even Mrs. John believes she needs to give John a break from dealing with her stating, â€Å"I meant to be a help for John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already!†(Gilman, 381) John in fact does not believe that there is really anything wrong with Mrs. John and stays away from her for long periods of time leaving his sister Jennie to care for her. Mrs. John feels some â€Å"congenial work, with excitement and change† and â€Å"more society and stimulus† would do her good. John believes those things would be the worst thing for Mrs. John. So in being a good wife Mrs. John just goes against her better judgment and follows John’s orders. As the story progresses you can see the harmful psychological effects of the rest cure unfold in Mrs. John. Mrs. John gradually becomes more and more preoccupied with the ugly yellow wall paper in her room. Mrs. John spends hours tracing the lines in the wallpapers pattern trying to make sense of the design. Mrs. John begins imaging that the wallpaper is full of eyes staring at her. Then Mrs. John starts to see, â€Å"a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure that seems to skulk about† in the

itunes International Pricing Strategy - Case Study Examples

PART-1 Executive Summary The Apple as a brand with its association like i-Tunes was launched internationally as a operating software for the entertainment and media. However, since Apples Attractive package and product offerings and value so far there i-Phone, i-Pad or even i-Mac goes is comparatively not attractive anymore because of its association with i-Tunes. Nevertheless, the pricing for a product like media and entertainment that too in the international market had a negative effect upon the brand image causing a tar to its future prospects. Nevertheless, what perspectives would be used and conclusion of logical reasoning would need research and development. Hence the results about the perception about the effects of overt price has done to Apple in international context would be studied. The literature review would focus upon Brand and various associations of brands with pricing objectives is studied. The Questions pertinent to the study has been devised those would be directed to the i-tune users across the globe to have a primary data to know about their perspective. If required be for the subjects study the Qualitative questions would be used. The second part would brief it in full. Table of Contents Introduction. Rationale of the Study. Apple and iTunes. Brand Equity. Value Proposition. Product Differentiation. Market Segmentation. Low Cost Strategy Planning. Value. Discount Pricing. Everyday low price. Power of Pricing. Conclusions. References. Introduction The brand and its pricing strategies are directly linked with the way the consumers feel about the brand. Therefore the equity of a brand is dependent on the ways that the brand portraits itself in terms of pricing that in turn have a huge effect upon segmentation. Thus pricing is an important source of differentiation as the consumers relays the brands identity with the way the brands price for itself. The alignments would deal with the pricing tendencies for iTunes and the brand Apple itself. The brand associates with a segment when the price I displayed and when it comes to music, its free in the net age. However, the Apples policy of differentiation and its backlash on the equity itself would be critically analyzed and evaluated to have an informed conclusion. Rationale of the Study Brand equity is the value to the business, derived solely from the perception customers have about the company and the worth of your products and services. In this, pricing is a norm that generally focuses upon a multitude of subjects in the Brand mix like price, persona, and promotional ingredients. However, for Apple the feature of differentiation that too in an International was build upon i-Tunes for its futuristic business of mass-storage in entertainment. Therefore, if the policy had succeeded or had a negative effect upon the brand image is been researched. Therefore, the rationale is to study if brand and its pricing strategies do have any effect upon brand image and thus upon its Business equity, to study what was Apples plan and strategy for i-Tunes and to study the effects of the pricing upon Apples gross Brand equity On the subject, the latest comes from Adam Sherwin in The Independent of UK on 14th of this November, 2014 News desk that they have calculated the decline in U2 profits being tarnished too. This was kind of mutual brand withdrawal for both the Bonos U2 and Apple with the iPhone Six launch. Further, the news reports that U2 could only sell 6700 of its previous album in back catalogues, with this failure altogether. However, the Apples choice was to launch i-Tunes as a competent Apple sets like iPhone, iMac, iPad devices. However, the offer was to download songs instead of adding it. Nevertheless, iRadio was so big a price failure in terms of delivery along with tunes that the speculation is iPhone six launches may be the awaited disaster for Apple and the brand as a whole. The days of media and entertainment has gone a bit widened in terms of storage and the buffering services like those of You-tube, or Socio. Therefore, nobody would be interested to invest 10 pounds of money whom they have never heard of. Nevertheless, the offerings were such that those were even given a discount pricing offer substitute to download 500 tunes but those available there are probably of not the taste for all, because music is diverse and taste differs and thus limited 500 may have features those are not liked by all. The view of consumers would be taken into consideration from different media sources as the online feedback processes may be biased due to international locations. Nevertheless, the idea of making i-tunes a product mandatory for such a big storage device was the basic problem. However, the effects of it on the brand and its sales have become the research issue and thereby the literature review as follows would identify and analyze how brand and the pricing a re related and how do they have prices, what are the overture had it been to brand equity. Apple and iTunes Apple is a renowned brand from US based Computer manufacturer who are also famous their offerings in hardware supporting large memory in small space thus creating entertainment support and playing device and Operating software (OS). Innovations like i-Phone Technology making Apps a regular name to any techs today. Followed by these innovations the operating systems in these device however failed to generate any big success since its multi natural launch. But actually the strategy to make music payable or movies and books no funded like activity has become a regular activity. Form the consumers perspective for i-tunes subscriber in any Apple device has the inclination towards storing large amount of music in their device that has those multimedia offers like music playing, video outputs and also radio connectivity playing a range of US and Europe based radio channels (Sherwin, 2014). However, for an International launch the device seemed not to have attracted any substantial market out of US, Canada, UK and France. The reasons are may be in the build and the Operating Software Concept itself. The compatibility with other OS is poor when it comes to Apple. Therefore the sinks between two Apple devices are having complained in loading and sinking music between 2 i-Tune devices. Nevertheless, the physical infrastructures of different nations that have limited connectivity for mobile devices other than Wi-Fi connectivity are feeling that the i-Radio add-ons in i-Tunes have no use. Again, when one can taste music for free, why a consumer would buy a new launch music video with a price was not understood by the global i-Tune subscriber. Even in US markets, iTunes took off with a boom but that was a phase when the product was tested. The market infrastructure and offerings are not compatible at all places in the international markets. In launch I-Tune, Apple sought the consumers to buy music and sync them in their devices. However, the buying affinity (In this Case Music) is low in international markets along with the devices inability to competently sync all multimedia items in one device due to different different platforms of media playing OS those dont gets on with Apple. Again the I-Tunes cost is the major factor as the markets that the brand ventured is not keen to invest money upon a product like i-Tunes release before they have actually tasted the product. Nevertheless, the source of music is free and vast to choose from. Apple did not support the idea when at US market (Sanchez, 2014). Brand Equity The use of symbols, such as a name, logo, characters and slogans in promotional efforts, those helps build brand equity. Any pricing strategy also contributes to the perceptions customers have about the Brands offerings. Pricing is just as important to brand equity as other differentiators, because it is a source of meaning and identity. A solid pricing strategy can have a positive effect on brand equity, while a poor strategy can do the opposite. The various types of pricing strategies include premium pricing, discounted or competitive pricing, cost-based pricing, introductory or penetration pricing, everyday low pricing and bundle or bulk pricing. Finding the right pricing strategy is vitally important for the brand equity of a business. Nevertheless, the price is directly linked with product offerings, thus if a brand has less to offer the prices would be low as to keep the competitive edge, like most of the Retail brands and products pricing competition that we see for different grocery products (Cendrowski, 2012). Further, the more the price the more sensitive is a consumer about the offerings of the product. The equity for a few also is somewhat price based at cases where the Brand offerings are supposed to be suggested by the price of it. One example is like Rolex Watches. Useable goods with value offerings but the pricing is set in a manner that creates its difference with others with the price differential that would suggest some goods of value like high grade steel, high valued Gold, platinum or Silver usage. Nevertheless, it also suggests the target audience along with Strategic marketing plans. Value Proposition The offerings in substance and benefits on the products use perceived by the consumer are the Value Proposition for the product (Muller, 2013). Value proposition is generally described as the mixture of benefits that a business offer through their product or service solution to targeted customers. However, from a customer point of view, the value equation is simpler. Customers compare the relationship between a product's price and the perception of worth they take from its use or the experience they get from it. A price that is too high negatively impacts the value proposition, while a price below what could get reduces the profit margins. However, Hulshof (2014) suggests that Value proposition is dependent upon the way the consumer has developed the pace and length of loyalty towards a brand, or whensoevers choosing a brand. Product Differentiation The product mix is made out of components like product size, weight, offerings, price like factors. Differentiation means to develop and communicate something bigger, better or distinct about product offering. If the offerings are not presenting something distinct to the marketplace, then the business rely solely on arbitrary decision-making on the part of consumers. Developing a distinct and desired benefit mix and clearly telling market segments about it helps to drive customers to a business or products. Organic food makers or resellers pin their differentiation on the natural, healthy advantages their products provide and retailers may go for Price differentiation or Discounts and offers to let the consumers perceive that they are getting more for less. Market Segmentation Along with differentiation, the other key component of brand positioning is the target market to which business positions. Cendrowski (2012) argues that Business may offer an excellent, distinct benefit, but if it doesnt present the same to the right market segment, it doesnt really matter and the offerings may fail. For the Brands like Tesco its a larger Audience without much of Socio-Eco class segment than other Brands depending upon the product they sell. Again, location, age group of audience, income, taste, culture, belief like elements those comes as determinant in Market segmentation, when a brand chooses to offer and develop their class of audience. Offering the lowest price to a highly affluent market segment doesn't make much sense, for instance, because customers with money typically look for superior product benefits or excellent service. However, identifying customers based on shared demographic, geographic, and behavioral or lifestyle qualities are taken in promotion to o as considerations. Thus focusing business efforts on them improves a businesss potential to have better position on brand equity to its similar in a market. Low Cost Strategy Planning The low cost strategic planning is the differentiation or strategic values. Ge (2010) suggests that pricing can be differential (Specialty and uniqueness) or strategic (as in Commodity pricing-especially in the retail Industry). However, the market place gets to choose in segment terms which are the business targets. Low the cost of profit the between due to bulk sales of retails can be true. Nevertheless, the strategies those it chooses to give are actually bulk and those kinds of profits are at times not made in price competitiveness-differentiation-creation wise. Therefore, goods or product with high use and those having lesser range of profit due to higher consumption like daily use Breakfast cereals or packed milk like items. The retailers use these products to be in the market for consumers to come in therefore the basic ingredients that attracts one to the market. High End The high end pricing are those pricing that is set to create differentiation between other pertinent product having same offerings. This differentiation strategy is generally segment oriented which have a sense of luxuries and added value offerings in the product. Products like Apple i-Phone, A Rolex watch or a car from Ferrari or similar is associated with a unique feature that those prices signify. (Villanueva, 2007) suggests the factor as perceived value is high; the satisfaction is the key, the association and personality signature like items are the high end products. Value Value is the element of added property advantage that a consumer feels. This is not a solid objective outcome but a perceived goodness or utility and advantages that keep a product ahead from its competitors. Villanueva (2007) suggests that the value associated with a brand is a very precious item of Brand as if the repute does the brand faces, the trust and faith upon the brand that consumers perceive, gets affected. Brand Extension A brand extension occurs when leverage brand equity to market a new business or product to a new customer market. A prominent company example was Gap launching GapKids. Leading toilet paper brand Charmin expanded its brand by offering a lower-end option, Charmin Basic, to price-conscious consumers. Brand extensions only work if you have strong brand equity, because you essentially rely on your proven reputation to attract new business. Discount Pricing Businesses usually adopt a strategy of differentiation or price leadership. Differentiation works for companies operating in luxury or niche markets, while price leadership works for discount stores (Shaffer, 2005). The effect of a discount or competition pricing strategy can create an image of second-rate products, which could have a negative effect on the brands equity. For example, Tesco would come up with Weekly offers to give added groceries on a certain amount of buy. Thats like what extra that a consumer feels that they gain in the process, in the regular buying habit with Tesco. This alienated some customers, but gained brand equity for the company in other target markets. Everyday low price This pricing strategy is the official positioning of most grocery store chains. Walmart successfully follows this strategy, which is imitated by stores in other countries. The chains approach of profitable and sustainable price differentiation has become a winning strategy and created significant brand equity, positioning the company as a low price, high value retailer. In addition, brands that successfully move into developing markets with a large number of less affluent customers, such as China and India, have their brand equity directly affected by the affordability of their products to the target market. Power of Pricing Pricing at both ends of the strategy spectrum can affect brand equity in different ways. For a low cost high use product of daily need like Salt or packed milk the pricing plays the key differentiator among the brands. However Kotler (2008) suggests Premium pricing is the principle of setting a high price point to reflect the products exclusivity and quality. Kittlaus and Clough (2009) argues that, with niche brands, such as sedan class Mercedes Benz or Rolex, the price is an aspect that the customers of the brand association enjoyments. It adds meaning and value to their purchase and sets the product apart from its competition. This makes the pricing strategy an important and integral aspect of the products brand equity. If the product doesnt have any other strong differentiators, however, lower prices are likely to sell better than more expensive ones. Research Questions The research questions would try to answer the following: Do the product like music, movies and books like products of social and moral value associate with pricing? Did the Apples objective in pricing strategy have a direct impact upon its brand image? How did international launch of i-Tunes impact the Brand image of Apple? Nevertheless, the objectives would be building upon the rational of the subject that would be linked with the questions that the proposal suggests. Conclusions The assignment would build on effective study that had been done by primary research over the i-Tunes subscribers all across the globe in different cities among different age groups. However, the primary data gathered may be further studied for the Qualitative answers if they may require. Nevertheless, the online distribution and study conduction would be done for the assignment. The ways that the brand of Apple has been affected could be understood and the effect of price among the global population about a product like music and entertainment. Therefore the design would be to understand the brand association damage that Apple has faced and what all strategies proved failure in this process would be analyzed. References Books Kittlaus, H. and Clough, P. (2009) Software product management and pricing. 2nd Ed, Berlin: Springer Kotler, P. (2008) Marketing Management, 4th Ed, New York: Free Press. Shaffer, F. (2005) Costing out nursing, 3rd Ed, New York: National League for Nursing. Villanueva, J. (2007) Customer Equity. 1St. Ed. Hanover: Now Publishers. Cendrowski, H. (2012) Private equity. 2nd Ed, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Journals Ge, D. (2010) Value pricing in presence of network effects Journal Of Product Brand Management, 11(3), 174-185 Huang, T. (2011) The Value of Clickstream Tracking: Advance Demand Information, Product Personalization and Personalized Pricing SSRN Journal, 23 (2), pp. 12-19 Hulshof, J. (2014) Sustainable Health Care Systems: The Role of Therapeutic Value and Value Based Pricing Value In Health, 17(7), pp. 452- 454 Muller, J. (2013) Value Based Pricing in the Context of Software Product Line Engineering SSRN Journal, 13(1), pp. 12-23 PART-2 Executive Summary The Second part of the Assignment focus on the research methodology. The tools and techniques those would be used in conducting the research along with the research approached that would be guiding the entire process is discussed. The sample size along with population identification for the specific subject is been done. The various methods used in both Primary and Secondary data collection and analysis along with the various Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches are been evaluated. The care towards the maintenance of ethics and their practices would be maintained in this project with sufficient details. Nevertheless, the answers and figures those come out of the evaluation and analysis would be further deduced to sync them with the research objectives that would give an answer to the hypothesis with which the research started. Thereby recommendations would be generated for the Apple brand that witch may help them is maintaining the brand image and value. Table of Contents Introduction. 4 Back Ground of the Study. 4 Research Methodology. 6 Data Analysis. 8 Ethics Validity and Reliability. 9 Conclusions. 10 References. 11 Introduction The research design and plans for the research design implementation along with the plans to analyze the answer on a score card the results would be derived. However, the theories and context of the research as discussed in Assignment 1 would be designed to practically evaluate for the case study with the product users and that would be compiled within the subject of research in a graphical and tabular form. Background of the study is suggesting Apple and its association with i-Tunes another significant offering of Apple had have a international launch even very recently. Further, the evaluation of Future benefits and occurrences would be judged and recommendations for a better marketing and offering strategy would be focused upon. Back Ground of the Study Apple Inc was formed by Late Mr. Steve Jobs in 1977 and has made significant amount original product design and innovation in this short span of time that the brand has been in existence. Apple Inc is a US based multi-billion and multinational tech giant that has a very high brand perception among the US consumers as the Surveys suggests. Nevertheless, the consumer electronic and goods market with its IT focused product offerings have changed the way the market dynamics used to work. I-Cloud, i-Tunes, i-Mac a few offerings that the brand have had and comes assured with its hardware Operating Software base. I-tunes is the Operating Software and Music store for Apple Users in there devices. However, few features dont work out of US and European borders, even though its the third largest Mobile Phone maker, and the second largest Information Technology Company on the globe. Therefore the idea to buy a song and have a taste about a new-comer was not a suitable idea neither the process of storing all media files and playing them with comfortable ease was possible. Therefore, Apple created a Product which had its own IT environment that was a Specific OS based (Apple.com, 2014). However, post the launch of Googles parallel free store and mini store ranges the OS based devices like smart phones and other such smart devices upgraded to a Android OS which was perceived as a more user friendly, naturally flexible and reliable source of platform usage that can be upgraded from time to time with no major hard or software changes. However, the international market welcomed the international Brands like Apple to be open in Markets like China and India along with other significant markets like Japan and Europe. With time the complain in regard to the design incompatibility with its associate environment gadgets like other OS ran Hardware, became more and more prominent. The Radios dont operate in those parts, the music offered have a price tag to it whereas those markets perceives Music and Media a product those are not associated with price, preferable to say that they dont consume something that they have no taste about. Therefore, the idea is to judge the effect t hat the brand of Apple had when it associated with an offering like i-Tunes. The effects had been till what extend would be suitable evaluated in the research, especially in its international launch (Fortt, 2014). Therefore, the updating problems from one OS to another, compatibility between 2 Apple different generation products are coming to forth in light. However, the apps and gadget usability wise the brand value is still considered to be a prominent Global Tech Gadget brand. The Apple Evangelism was predominantly observed in the UK US markets where the i-Phone 5 and Sic were released. In a publication of Sunday Telegraph from London of 12th Of May, 2014 Guy Kawasaki calls this association with Apple is very personal and intimate. The user assets the brands mix a great composition of their needs and requirements. However, internationally the flavor is not the same. What US and UK did in pre-Android OS age is not the trend since the music is a option of choice and i-Tunes have priced it and have created a Storage barrier too for the users from previously using a different support system, altogether (Bbc.com, 2014). Therefore the study would be conducting a online survey about the effects that the brand have had in the last 1 year due to its i-Tunes offering in the International Market. Whatever value the brand had generated came mainly from a very US based perspective where the considerations of other cultures were not taken into account. Further, the Gaps in Infrastructure with Apples other System support devices lost the incredible amount of interest that Apple has designed with its i-tunes strategy setting. The same would be evaluated from among the Apple users of all different geopolitical locations with a set of online questioner that would be covered by 10 questions specific to the subject of study with choices to answer from yes and no which determine their product perceptions. Research Methodology The research methodology is the use of research philosophy and tools to arrive for research objectives with ease and accuracy are to be used for the study. The research is the findings and its analysis of those elements like data, maps and survey reports that gives an output or answer Qualitative or Quantitative in nature to arrive to a specific research objective. The data used in the process can be both Primary and Secondary data those associate with answers given by a set of people and been catalogued to formulate the answers to evaluate the research objectives. The test Questions of 10 numbers would be frames with ratings from 1 to 5 as in Likers Scale. Therefore the accumulation of agreeability to disagreeability in terms of the research questions would be analyzed. Nevertheless, the research process progresses on a pragmatism based upon post-positivism. Ketchen and Bergh (2004) argues that for a research in Qualitative the hypotheses of the approach is build upon the process like data collection that can be formulated to come to a comprehensive conclusion. While the positivist epistemology deals only with observed and measured knowledge, the post-positivist epistemology recognizes that such an approach would result in making many important aspects of psychology irrelevant. Burita (2014) argues that because feelings and perceptions cannot be readily measured. In post-positivist is based on the concept of critical realism, that there is a real world out there independent of our perception of it and that the objective of science is to try and understand it. The hypothesis is the question in the research consideration like the case goes. However, since the process aims to find out the possible association with various elements, in these pricing effects on the Brand, therefore the research would identify the associate variables those have an effect upon the brand. The sources can be qualitative research through survey questioner among the target audience or from other sources those have already been published (Welman et al. 2005). Furthermore, the data collected from various means are guided by strict research method practices to build a Statistical Analysis. Schuessler (1969) suggests that statistical analysis helps in interpreting the researchers objectives by helping to discover complex relationship in the research, both in terms of help and effects. This is carried out with the aid of sophisticated statistical computer packages like those used in Multi-Level Marketing analysis like SPSS. The analysis enables the researchers to determi ne to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables. The Qualitative research questions would be sent to 100 i-Tune users across the globe. Of which an expected 50 numbers would give the right answers for a tabular formulation and hence graphical representation. Schuessler (1969) states, the Quantitative evidence collected would suggest if the Qualitative inputs are required along with what all more needs to be known for a full research analysis. Qualitative data in this web platform would be used as the Primary data for the research purpose. Nevertheless, the secondary source would come from already established sources like books, Journals and media sources. Feedback mechanism that would give a data that was not originally gathered and compiled from the research but has been used to demonstrate the evaluations would be called Secondary Data. Based upon the inferences drawn a few i-Tune users can be interviewed and asked if the offerings were to be made better what all needs to be added. Those would give a comprehensive recommendation for the study. The Secondary Data would be got from the different published sources like Tech Magazine, Surveys conducted by other individual and agencies with publish source references, for the subject that closely relate to the conclusion. However, Lasker (2003) suggests that all Literature sources are secondary sources that would be used to build the case. Again, Secondary data sources can be either primary or secondary depending upon the source. Keys (1988) suggest that a clear advantage of secondary data is that already a lot of background research has been done before publishing the data and the evaluations thereof. Matta and Holloway (2012) suggests that since secondary data have a pre-established degree of validity and reliability however, the researcher has to use a good amount of pretext check before utilizing those data sources as not all sources are genuine or are effective evaluative for the objective at hand. Therefore Boddington (1993) opined that it is always advised to check the se condary data sources and its reliability in context to the research conducted. Hence, it may be stated that actually one could go as far as claim that qualitative secondary data analysis can be understood, not so much as the analysis of pre-existing data. Hence Ketchen and Bergh (2004) suggest, it is rather as involving a process of re-contextualizing, and re-constructing, data thereof for the research objectives. Data Analysis The data analysis is the process where the research is concluded with making all effective tools like questioners ready, receive them and articulate the findings in form of results that meets the research objectives. However, the discussion sections at the end of articles in project reviewed is made to describe the results of the study and explain the implications of the findings in a form that have conclusions drawn from the research processes. This evaluates the results in terms of objective evaluation. Sample and Population: The sample size is the size of arbitrarily chosen bunch for the research purpose from the entire population. In the case, lets say all Apple Users are the population then sample size would be those who actually take part in the survey in the process. The population in this case would be all Apple product users with an i-Tunes account. Whereas the sample would be those 100 randomly selected from the group that population, again, the 50 who are expected to take part is the sample for the survey in this case. Quantitative Research: A research of a subject conducted by an individual to gather raw data those further is compiled and processed to reach an evaluation is Quantitative Research. Quantitative research generally progress upon the lines of Questionnaire and online feedbacks received from the sample. Bersted et al. (1970) suggests that the main emphasis of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the specific. Therefore, the main emphasis of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the specifics of a research objective evaluation. The sample size is 50 for the research subject. Qualitative Research: Burita (2014) suggests that a Qualitative research is sometimes referred to as a top down approach. The validity of conclusions is shown to be dependent on one or more premises (prior statements, findings, condition reports) and subjected to the conditions that those sources and its inputs are based upon valid context. However, for more details to find suitable recommendations and have specific problem area identified the Qualitative research may be conducted post the primary data collection. Therefore, 5 people from the population may be selected for a set of 5 question Qualitative interviews where the Skype, or Facebook Chat like modes may be used to further understand demonstrate the research objectives. Analysis and inference: Ketchen and Bergh (2004) suggest that the number of the findings from the research process is formed on a tabular sheet to analyze the research objectives. These techniques are suggested to be based on a statistical derivation out of Primary data or any other secondary data source. From the found inferences here the inclination towards the hypothesis or otherwise is identified. In this case the Qualitative research would be based upon the findings to find effective recommendations based out of those feedbacks from various locations. Therefore for the research the data analysis would follow the simple deductive methods of statistics use by either simple descriptive or more complex statistical inferences. However, the pragmatic approach would be to consider both the elements from Qualitative and Quantitative approach. The best control tool is to evaluate the outcomes in different stages of the research process. Jha (2008) argued that at times the interviewed audience may be politically biased where they wish to give a biased view or may have a tendency to portray a wrong figure or conclusion to actually what they think. Therefore the check and balance system would serve the cause best in keeping the received data true and accurate. Again Arnone and Stockley (2005) observed, the findings of the research might be reported in more personal terms, often using the precise words of the research participants. Ethics Validity and Reliability The ethics and validity of the research is connected to the research design and approach. Since the research is based out of a question that considers that the value of a product associate is affecting the product as a whole in International markets, therefore the validity needs to be defined from an international perspective. The idea is to select 5 nations from each big continent where Apple has been launched. Therefore, a level of data correction and to ensure that no bias has occurred in data collection and sampling or evaluation process the data validity needs to be checked at a stipulated period each time. However, the ethics of the researcher would be contained towards gathering the data from the right sources along with sufficient resource references and acknowledgement of those sources those are being used. Again, the validity of a data has to be matched since in different parts of the globe the perceptions are different and that there is no bias has to be kept at look at al l times. Conclusions The research would help the researcher to progress in accordance to the submitted research structure whereby all inputs in regard to the research data collection and evaluation would be done on the grounds of ethical moral practices to get the intended learning outcomes from the research project. Nevertheless, whether the hypothesis on the research subject had been sufficiently correct or to what degree was it was incorrect would be calculated. Eventually the recommendations for the brand to perform better in the long run would be evaluated along with specific needs those need to be undertaken in the international markets. References Books Arnone, M., and Stockley, G. (2005) Mac, Information Detective, in-- the Curious Kids and the squiggly question 2nd Ed, Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited Jha, N. (2008) Research methodology, 3rd Ed, Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Ketchen, D., and Bergh, D. (2004) Research methodology in strategy and management, 2nd Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Burita, L. (2014) Information Systems in Education 1st Ed, Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Welman, C., Kruger, F., Mitchell, B., and Huysamen, G. (2005) Research methodology. 3rd Ed, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Lasker, G. (2003) Acta systemica. 1st Ed, Windsor, Ont.: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics Journals Bersted, C., Brown, B., and Evans, S. (1970) Evaluation of unconstrained sorting data, Behavioral Research Mechanical. and Instrumentation 2(3), 108-110 Boddington, A. (1993) Methods in research evaluation Research Evaluation, 3(2), 66-67 Matta, J and P.H. Holloway (2012) International Research Practices, International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), pp. 44-48 Keys, P. (1988) A methodology for methodology choice. Syst. Res., 5(1), pp. 65-76 Schuessler, K. (1969) Covariance Analysis in Sociological Research, Sociological Methodology, 1(3), pp. 44-45

Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets

Sanguine mangers characterized by a keenness of understanding of market forces know quite well what to expect when launching a new product in a new market that is characterized by a multicultural environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They know that issues such as cultural differences, product branding, norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, distribution channels, communication strategies, market expectations, and satisfied customer differentiate one market from the another (Kang, ND). Success in one market, as has been evident in the US market may not translate to success in the Japanese, South African, or the South American markets. Each market uniquely defines itself by a myriad of issues such as cultural differences and marketing communications as noted above. Therefore, a marketing plan devised by the successful marketer must integ rate strategies focusing a specific audience. That is the case with Uniland multi-national cooperation. Uniland has successfully marketed its new product in the US market and has aggressively set down marketing plans to take the product further, labeled as Orange homecare medical product, into the global market particularly the South American, South African, and the Japanese markets. Different markets are uniquely characterized by different marketing strategies due to different cultural backgrounds, consumer tastes, consumer behavior, reactions, and consumer perceptions about new products (Kang, n.d). Marketing a new product in the US may demand less sophisticated distribution and marketing channels than can be demanded by marketing a similar product in the Japanese, South African, and the South American markets. A solid knowledge about the new market is indispensable to successfully penetrate and launch the new product (Cronin, 2000). In the modern age of e-marketing, the marketing manager in the new markets could establish a connection element that plays a key role in reaching the target market. Effective communication strategies, e-commerce strategies, could effectively enable the marketing manager to strategically mobilize the target audience to establish a strong connection with them (Arikan, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most important consideration in designing marketing strategies for foreign markets that differentiates them with the local US market revolves around culture and brand perceptions carried in the brand message. The American audience may perceive and connect a brand message to their cultural settings differently from the way the Japanese and other markets could. The brand message is a critical component in marketing in these audiences. Multicultural environments always feel connected to a brand’s message that is delivered through media devices such mobile phones among others. A brand message should critically reflect the cultural settings of the target audience and should explicitly reflect their culture at all levels of product marketing. Therefore, the marketing manager should strategically tailor the new product to reflect the cultural settings of the new markets. That is because in the new e-commerce age, while firms find the e-platform as a strategic tool in reaching target audiences in real time, brand messages have the potential to mobilize a big market share leading to higher profits and strong product position. On the other hand, wrongly branded messages tailored for specific audiences lead to wrong perceptions and loss of market (Arikan, 2008). In conclusion, while a prospective manager searching for opportunities in new markets may use e-commerce tools such as the internet to get instant access to new markets, the need to inculcate a culture as a driving force in formulating new marketing strategies is overly indispensable. References Arikan, A. (2008). Multi-channel Marketing: Metrics and Methods for a Successful  Business. New Jersey: Sybex Publishers. Cronin, M. (2000). Unchained Value: The New Logic of Digital Business. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kang, J. (n.d). Marketing in a Multicultural Environment: Understanding Asian  Consumers. The Chartered Institute of Marketing, Hong Kong. Web. This essay on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hemp for Victory essays

Hemp for Victory essays The U.S. Department of Agriculture persuading farmers to grow hemp for the war effort in the 1940s coined the slogan Hemp for Victory. Websters Dictionary defines hemp as a genus of widely cultivated annuals, this plants fiber used for ropes and coarse fabrics. Hemp is a variety of cannabis sativa which is similar in structure to the street drug called marijuana. Yet Kulpa ( 1999, p.61) indicates, hemp is marijuanas straight cousin-classified as cannabis but containing microscopic levels of THC, the psychoactive ingredient in pot, according to the North American Industrial Hemp Council. Marijuana is much higher as stated by Sternburg (1999, p.1A), contains THC levels as high as 20%. The uses of the hemp fiber are numerous and have been woven into our nations heritage. The first immigrants reaching America used sails, rigging and nets made of hemp ( White 1999 p. 4). In the early colonies must grow hemp laws were enforced to provide sufficient clothing and materials( White 199 9 p.4). The Declaration of Independence, an unofficial transcript of the Constitution and the first flag of the United States were all written on hemp. Today anything made from petroleum or synthetic products can be manufactured from hemp (Smith). Industrial hemp is an environment-friendly crop that might contain a wealth of possibilities. Currently U.S. farmers are looking towards hemp as a new crop to provide diversity and better prices then the present corn, wheat, barley, etc. In 1998 Canada lifted the ban on hemp, allowing farmers with government permits to provide a new rotation crop. Sternberg states (1999 p.1A) The farmers must pass criminal records checks and prevent the THC level in the plants from exceeding .03 percent, which is monitored by law enforcement. The price difference between hemp and tr ...

Differences Between Baleen and Toothed Whales

Differences Between Baleen and Toothed Whales Cetaceans are a group of aquatic mammals which include all the varieties of whales and dolphins. There are over 80 recognized species of cetaceans, including both freshwater and saltwater natives. These species are divided into two main groups: the baleen whales  and the toothed whales. While they are all considered whales, there are some important differences between the two types.   Baleen Whales Baleen is a substance made of keratin (the protein that makes up human fingernails). Baleen  whales have as many as 600 plates of baleen in their upper jaws.   Whales strain seawater through the baleen, and hairs on the baleen capture fish, shrimp, and plankton. The salt water then flows back out of the whales mouth. The largest baleen whales strain and eat as much as a ton of fish and plankton each day. There are 12 species of baleen whales which live all over the world. Baleen whales were (and still sometimes are) hunted for their oil and ambergris; in addition, many are injured by boats, nets, pollution, and climate change. As a result, some species of baleen whales are endangered or near extinction. Baleen whales: Are generally larger than toothed whales. The largest animal in the world, the blue whale, is a baleen whale.Feed on smaller fish and plankton with a filtering system made up of hundreds of baleen plates.Tend to be solitary, although they occasionally gather in groups to feed or to travel.Have two blowholes on top of their head, one right next to the other (toothed whales have only one).Female baleen whales are larger than males of the same species. Examples of baleen whales include the blue whale, right whale, fin whale, and humpback whale. Toothed Whales It may come as a surprise to learn that the toothed whales include all species of  dolphins  and porpoises. In fact, 32 species of dolphins and 6 species of porpoises are toothed whales. Orcas, sometimes called killer  whales, are actually the worlds largest dolphins. While whales are larger than dolphins, dolphins are large (and more talkative) than porpoises.   Some toothed whales are freshwater animals; these include six species of river dolphins. River dolphins are freshwater mammals with long snouts and small eyes, which live in rivers in Asia and South America. Like baleen whales, many species of toothed whales are endangered. Toothed whales: Are generally smaller than baleen whales, although there are some exceptions (e.g., the sperm whale and Bairds beaked whale).  Are active predators and have teeth that they use to catch their prey and swallow it whole. The prey varies depending on species but can include fish, seals, sea lions or even other whales.Have a much stronger social structure than baleen whales, often gathering in pods with a stable social structure.Have one blowhole on top of their head.Unlike baleen whales, males of toothed whales species are usually larger than females. Examples of toothed whales include the beluga whale, bottlenose dolphin, and common dolphin.

Firewall Technology (Network Security) Research Paper

Firewall Technology (Network Security) - Research Paper Example Security requirements have substantially changed recently. Traditionally, securing a system was provided by preventing access (physical and ethically) to the secure system. However, with the introduction of computer technology, there was a need to develop automated security appliances for protecting the network and data of an organization. Due to vast rise in threats, vulnerabilities, hacking and cyber crimes, firewalls become mandatory as the first choice to implement for securing the network and data for every computer network. Firewalls Computer Security is the general term for a set of resources designed to help protect data and ruin the efforts of hackers. Moreover, it is a set of measures to protect data during transmission over a set of interconnected computer systems. Hence, security is a set measures for deterrence, prevention, detection and correction of security threats that can damage or divulge information either locally or when transmitted. Hence, certain security mecha nisms that are designed to detect, prevent and restore security after an attack. Consequently, many network appliances are invented to secure a network. The most popular network security appliance that is used in almost every small or corporate network to provide security is a firewall. Firewall is defined as â€Å"a combination of hardware, software, and procedures that controls access to an intranet. Firewalls help to control the information that passes between an intranet and the Internet. A firewall can be simple or complex, depending on how an organization decides to control its Internet traffic. It may, for example, be established to limit Internet access to e-mail only, so that no other types of information can pass between the intranet and the Internet† (Firewall.2007). Firewalls are network security devices that are categorized in hardware-based firewalls and software-based firewalls. The hardware-based firewalls are more secure, as they are not dependent on the oper ating system. On the other hand, software-based firewalls are dependent on the operating system that may demonstrate risks. The choice from these options depends on the cost as well. However, a full features firewall may protect the computer network from hackers or cyber criminals. It will detect, block and quarantine viruses and malicious codes that tries to enter in the network. Moreover, configuration on the local area network demonstrates a graphical user interface to ensure that each preventive measure is active and running (Agnitum outpost persona firewall pro 2.0.2004). Benefits Constant monitoring of security is achievable via a firewall implementation. As all modifications and logs are stored in a firewall, that are divergent of distribution on hosts on the network. Firewall also provides the protocol-filtering capability as it filters protocols and services associated with them in order to secure them from exploitation. Moreover, firewall hides inbound communication of the network from the outbound network that is also called a wide area network (ADVANTAGES OF FIREWALL). Furthermore, the use of computer networks and communication lines require protecting data during transmission. In addition, firewalls also provide centralized management for the network. This is an ultimate advantage for the network security staff within an organization as the management and

Recruitment Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recruitment Plan - Assignment Example Date opened: Division: Department: Job Group: Contact Information: Hiring Manager: Others involved: (i) In reviewing resumes (ii) In the interview and selection Salary Gauge: Reason for Job Opening: Expansion of the company leading to opening of a production in the UK. Anticipated start date for this position: 2.2 Performance Profile Describing criteria with which to advertise, source, assess and interview. What will each candidate need to become successful These "must haves" are then converted into actions; measurable objectives. Look at the available resources, facilities and the group dynamics. Determine traits and abilities of the best people new on the job. Compare the best people already in the job and select traits that predict success. Outline additional "must haves". Includes related work experience. Industry/work setting: Educational post-graduate or certifications required. 2.3 Strategy for Diverse Recruitment Using the underutilization data focusing on the underutilized groups like Hispanics, Asian, American Indians, females or African Americans. Recruitment sources 2.3.1 In-house systems This has its own advantages and disadvantages (Buhler & D.B.A. 2002). Advantages include the fact that it costs less, it involves employees who are already familiar with the organization and its culture, it helps retain company secrets, improves employee morale and also it has a better success rate because employee track record is known. Its disadvantages include the fact that it creates a ripple effect as more job openings develop, it may lead to stagnation as no new thinking is injected into the organization and also creates negative internal competition. 2.3.2 Professional organizations and Associations 2.3.3 Target companies or...In the long run, this leads to serious frustrations. Use of a thorough recruitment process with the sophistication of the recruitment process being commensurate to the complexity of the job. As a minimum, the interview process should comprise atleast two interviews, an appropriate psychometric assessment and a thorough reference check. Use of a thorough interview, which should be highly structured and based on, proved methodologies. It's aimed at revealing levels of competency on the key areas, appropriate experience, the personality strengths, weaknesses and integrity. This has its own advantages and disadvantages (Buhler & D.B.A. 2002). Advantages include the fact that it costs less, it involves employees who are already familiar with the organization and its culture, it helps retain company secrets, improves employee morale and also it has a better success rate because employee track record is known. Its disadvantages include the fact that it creates a ripple effect as more job openings develop, it may lead to stagnation as no new thinking is injected into the organization and also creates negative internal competition. While advertising we will aim at creating interest in the post. As noted by Arue, Neil and Olga (2005), the more details given a job advert the more the more highly an organization is likely to be regarded and the more interest it will create.

Tv Food Essay Example for Free

Tv Food Essay Have you ever sat in front of the TV devouring tons of snacks and not even paid attention to how much you had already eaten? That is why this essay sparked my attention! I constantly find myself in front of the TV craving snacks and chomping away, not even thinking about how much I am eating. Dolly Mittal, Richard J. Stevenson, Megan J. Oaten, and Laurie A. Miller conducted an experiment to find out if our memory is a factor for what we’ve already eaten. One amnesiac patient HM started this idea when he sat down to eat a second meal immediately after consuming the first because he had forgotten he already had eaten. This experiment is trying to show that snacking while watching TV, in opposition to snacking while not watching TV, can lead us to eat more later on. They want to prove it is because the TV affects our memory of how much we snacked earlier. In experiment one they take thirty-two female women that are not dieting and not diabetic with a BMI between 18 and 25 and let them spend 20 minutes eating as much snack food as they want. They are given chocolate balls, pringles, coca cola, and orange juice. Half of these ladies did it watching a 20 minute TV episode and the other half did it sitting quietly. Afterwards the remains were taken and measured; both groups consumed around the same amount of snacks. Around one hour later they sat the ladies down to eat lunch which would include: sandwiches, biscuits, crackers and dip. They found the result they were looking for when the women who had watched TV earlier while snacking ate more of this meal than the ladies who had earlier snacked without the TV. The result was finale when the TV group also couldn’t remember how much they had snacked on during the time they watched the TV. In experiment two the experiment was very similar to experiment one except that they wanted to see if the type of TV show would affect anything. This time they had the ladies watch different types of shows- funny, sad, and boring. The results were very similar to the first experiment and they learned that the type of TV show made no difference to the food they consumed. It was confirmed that when normal weight non-dieting females snack while watching TV, they later consume more food on a TV free meal than participants who snacked without TV. Also, participants who watched TV while snacking were less accurate in remembering the amount of snack food they had consumed. Something that I thought was interesting about this experiment is that it doesn’t work on men. In the journal it is mentioned that men take a different approach to this and try to eat as much food as possible, yet in the beginning the amnesiac patient HM that Hebben reported was a male. I didn’t like that the women fasted before they came to do the experiment. It is not a real life situation. Most of the time when I’m snacking in front of the TV I might have already eaten before that or I am just about to eat. Also If I knew that this experiment was all about food – I do not know if I would have eaten what I normally do. I might have been embarrassed and not given correct information. There is no way to make this experiment work 100% but that is how it is with most experiments. They conclude †Our data suggest that TV probably exerts some as yet unspecified effect on participants’ ability to recall earlier bouts of food consumption, leading to over consumption on a later TV free test meal. As TV viewing is associated with eating in so many different ways and as over consumption of food is a major problem in most industrialized nations, it would seem important to study exactly how this occurs. â€Å" Obesity is a HUGE problem in our country and I think that this could possibly have something to do with it. Even small children are watching TV now with a bag of chips in one hand and a soda in the other. Our nation is constantly getting fatter. Now when I sit in front of the TV I will think about what I’m eating and apply what I know to help me consume the right amount of food.

economic Essay -- essays research papers

Globalisation - Economic Growth and Development and development indicators. â€Å"Outline the differences between economic growth and economic development. Discuss how economic development may be measured. Outline how globalisation may impact upon a nation’s development. Where appropriate make reference to a relevant case study.† Although economic growth and development are similar in meaning, they have some essential differences. Economic growth refers to the increasing ability of a nation to produce more goods and services. Economic development basically implies that individuals of that nation will be better off and takes into account changes in economic and social structures that will reduce or eliminate poverty. Economic development can be measured in a number of different ways including the Human Development Index, a Gender Empowerment Measure, a Human Poverty Index and a Human Freedom Index. All of these measures were developed by the United Nations Development Program. The World Bank also has its own indicator called the World Bank Development Indicator. Globalisation can have both negative affects on a nation. It can impact on the levels of economic growth a country may experience, impact on levels of unemployment or it may impact on a country’s quality of life. Economic growth is the expansion of a country’s productive capacity. This leads to a rise in total national output. Growth can occur in two different ways; the increased use of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial resources by using better technology or management techniques and increased productivity of existing resource use through rising labour and capital productivity. While theoretically having an increasing national output means greater material welfare and a rise in living standards, it does not equate to having higher levels of well being for individuals in that nation. Economic growth can, in fact, have negative impacts on a nation including environmental degradation and the loss of traditional cultural values. It also may mean there is greater inequality between different classes in society, that is, the gap between the rich and the poor may grow. It is for these reasons that economic development measurements are also used. Economic growth as a measure fails to account for other important social and economic factors such as the size of the black market, domestic work ... ...e strong progress. Although in the very early nineties Poland experienced a sharp decline in GDP, it has since resumed steady growth. In 1999 its GDP growth was 4.1%. The private sector now accounts for over 55% of the total GDP. In early 1990, Poland was experiencing hyper-inflation with levels of up to 1200%. In 1999 the inflation rate was lowered to 7.3%, which although is still high by developed world standards, is slowly dropping. Also in the early nineties, Poland had huge unemployment rates with most sectors at around 30%. This has now been lowered to 13%, which again is high by developed nations’ standards but is a lot less than the rates experienced early in the decade. Essentially, the difference between economic growth and economic development is that one is a quantitative measure (growth) and the other is a qualitative measure (development). Economic development can be measured using a variety of indicators, mostly developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), though another widely used indicator was developed by the World Bank. Globalisation can have many affects on nations, depending on their government policies and also on their economic status.

Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process

Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process Prepared for Professor Suresh Radhakrishnan SPHR, MBA BUS 346 Business Communication San Fernando Valley Campus, Burbank, CA Prepared by Isaac Lowe 03-13-13 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii 2. Overview of Compstat †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 3. Four Compstat Principles †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 4. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has established a uniform Crime Reporting †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 5. Computing Year to Date (YTD) Weekl y Averages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 6.Creating the Crime Summary Report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 7. Analysis of Crime Data and Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 8. Crime Summary Report †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 9. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 10. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 List of Illustrations Figure 1 Crime Data Chart †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Figure 2 Year to Date Crime Data Chart †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 i Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process Executive Summary Law enforcement has developed strategies to reduce crime by analyzing crime data.Law enforcement has named this crime reduction strategy as the Compstat process. The Compstat concept analyzes the number and location of crimes and arrests as well as an analysis of suspects, victims, days and times to identify crime patterns, clusters, suspects and hot spots. There are four Compstat principles that are in place to ef fectively reduce crime. To reduce crime by analyzing the crime data, a Crime Summary Report and Crime Maps need to be produced so law enforcement can analyze the crime data. When creating the Crime Summary Report, you will need to compute Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Averages.Once you have the YTD weekly average, you can examine your current crime data to see if crime is increasing or decreasing. By comparing the current crime to the previous amount of crime you can see if crime is up or down and determine if the crime reduction strategies in place are working or if adjustments need to be made. The Compstat process and the Crime Summary Report are tools used for crime reduction. ii Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process1 Overview of Compstat Law enforcement has developed strategies to reduce crime by analyzing crime data.Law enforcement has named this crime reduction strategy as the Compstat process. The Compstat process was developed by former New York Police Depart ment (NYPD) Commissioner William J. Bratton in the 1990’s. Compstat, stands for â€Å"Computer comparison statistics,† and is a system for managing police operations. The Compstat concept has been used widely in the law enforcement community in many different forms. The Compstat concept analyzes the number and location of crimes and arrests as well as an analysis of suspects, victims, days and times to identify crime patterns, lusters, suspects and hot spots. Law enforcement will create strategies to address the crime and implement it as quickly as possible. Law enforcement will consistently review, analyze the results and then repeat the process. This Compstat process can lead to the reduction of crime. Four Compstat Principles There are four Compstat principles that are in place to effectively reduce crime. The first principle is â€Å"Timely and Accurate Intelligence† which is knowing what crime is happening in your area. The Second principle is â€Å"Effect ive Tactics† which is having a game plan.The third principle is â€Å"Rapid Deployment† which is reacting quickly to where the crime is happening. The final principle is â€Å"Relentless Follow-up and Assessment† which is analyzing the results and making changes if needed. The first Compstat principle of â€Å"Accurate and Timely Intelligence† is to collect crime data in real time. Analysis the crime data and take action on identified crime trends. The crime data needs to be as accurate as possible. Without accurate and real time crime data, law enforcement will not be as effective in combating crime and implementing crime reduction strategies.Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process2 The second Compstat principle of â€Å"Effective Tactics† is the development and implementation of crime reduction strategies based on the real time accurate intelligence that was gathered. Law enforcement needs to deploy specific resources and proacti ve strategies to target the crime problem. The third Compstat principle of â€Å"Rapid Deployment† is to quickly deploy crime fighting resources and implement strategies to the target area. Law enforcement needs to deploy its resources to where the crime is occurring now.The fourth Compstat principle of â€Å"Relentless Follow-up and Assessment† is to assess the implementation of the strategies had on target area and analyze the results. By analyzing the strategies and reviewing the results, law enforcement can see if the strategies are working. This review process will help law enforcement improve and make real time adjustments to the strategies in place. FBI Established Uniform Crime Reporting To reduce crime by analyzing the crime data, a Crime Summary Report and Crime Maps need to be produced so law enforcement can analyze the crime data.The Crime Summary Report is divided into a summary for each individual crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has estab lished a uniform Crime Reporting Program which are Criminal Homicide, Forcible Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary, Larceny-Theft, Motor Vehicle Theft and Arson. These crimes are also known as â€Å"Part One† crimes. Computing Year to Date Weekly Averages When creating the Crime Summary Report, you will need to compute Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Averages. To do this, you will examine the collected crime data and see what the total number was for the specific crime that you are going to examine.Take that YTD total number for that specific crime and divide it by the total week’s crime data of that specific crime. The outcome will be the YTD weekly average. Once you have the YTD weekly average, you can examine your current crime data to Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process3 see if crime is increasing or decreasing. Here is an example of the weekly average formula that you will use when computing the crime data for each specific crime: YTD Crime Total (137 ) / Crime Total for the week (7) = YTD Weekly Average (19. ). This formula will be used throughout the Crime Summary Report to obtain the YTD Weekly Averages for each crime summary. Creating the Crime Summary Report To start creating the Crime Summary Report, first, impute the 2012 and 2013 YTD Part One Averages on the top of the report so you can see the overall crime trend. Second, create a Crime Data Charts from the collected Crime Data. Next, provide an overall summary of all Part One Crime Data. Then give a summary of the Part One Violent Crime summary and Part One Property Crime Summary.Next, provide a brief summary of the each individual crime within Part One Violent and Part One Property Crimes. This brief summary will include an Analysis of the crime data and a Strategy of how to target the current crime problem. Analysis of Crime Data and Strategies The Analysis section of the Crime Summary Report is where you will be analyzing the crime data. By examining the Crime Maps o f where the crime occurred and the Crime Data you will be able to provide a written summary of the crime trend. In Analysis section you will also be using the weekly average formula to help you examine the Crime Data.The Strategies section of the Crime Summary Report is where you will be explaining your strategies to combat the current crime trends. The following is a Crime Summary Report that I have completed for the 9th week of 2013, ending 03/02/13,that can be referred to for an example. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process4 Crime Summary Report 9th week of 2013 ending: 03/02/2013 20132012 Average Year to Date (YTD) Weekly Part 1 Crime Totals:65. 576. 0 [pic] Figure 1: Crime Data Chart [pic] Figure 2: Year to Date Crime Chart Part One Crime SummaryPart-One Crimes (61) were above the week prior and are below the 2013 Year To Date (YTD) Weekly Average and below the 2012 YTD Weekly Average. There were (3) gang related Robberies and there Reducing and Analyzing C rime Through the Compstat Process5 was (2) gang related Aggravated Assaults this week. The central portions of the Division continues to account for the majority of the part one crime. Part One Violent Crimes (27) were above the week prior and are above the 2013 YTD Weekly Average of (21. 1) and above the 2012 YTD Weekly Average of (22. 2). Robberies increased this week and were mainly in central portion of the Division.Aggravated Assaults increased this week and were mostly spread out through the central portion of the Division. There were no Rapes and Homicides this week. Part One Property Crimes (34) were below the week prior and are below the 2013 YTD weekly average of (44. 6) and below the 2012 YTD Weekly Average of (53. 7). This week BTFV’s decreased with no major clusters. GTA increased slightly this week and were mainly spread out through the western portion of the Division. Burglaries decreased this week with no major clusters. Thefts increased this week and there wa s a small cluster in the central portion of the Division.Part One Violent Crime Summary HOMICIDE: 0 Analysis:None. Strategies:None. RAPE: 0 Analysis:None. Strategies:None. ASSAULTS: 11 Analysis: Aggravated Assaults are above the 2013 weekly average of (7. 1). Aggravated Assaults increased this week and were mainly in the central portion of the Division. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process6 Strategies: Request patrol & specialized units to continue drinking in public enforcement in directed areas. Officers will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the Aggravated Assault problem. ROBBERY: 16 Analysis:Robberies are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (13). Robberies increased this week and were mainly in the central portion of the Division. Strategies: Officer will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the Robbery problem. Request Gang Unit to enforce on all gang related crime. Narcotic Unit will conduct undercover operations to specific areas where the Robberies are occurring. Part One Property Crime Summary GRAND THEFT AUTO: 8 Analysis: Grand Theft Auto (GTA) are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (7. 6) and were mainly spread out through the western portion of the Division. Strategies:Officers will be directed to specific areas as needed to suppress the GTA problem. Officers will continue to receive updated GTA stolen vehicle list. The License Plate Recognition Vehicles will continue to be deployed in designated areas. Rampart Special Problems Unit (SPU) and Auto Detectives will also arrange a Bait Car Operation when the bait car is available. BURGLARY THEFT FROM VEHICLE: 4 Analysis: Burglary Theft From Vehicle (BTFV) are below the 2013 Weekly Average of (15. 0). This week BTFV’s decreased with no major clusters. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process7 Strategies:Officers will be directed through the daily mission to suppress the BTFV problem. Senior Lead Officers will continue the â€Å" Lock it, Hide it, Keep it† flyer campaign. Detectives will utilize Social Media to reach and educate as many community members as possible. Auto Detectives will arrange a Bait Car Operation when the bait car is available. BURGLARY: 2 Analysis: Burglaries are below the 2013 Weekly Average of (4. 6) with no major clusters. Strategies: Officers will be directed through the daily mission as needed to suppress the Burglary problem.Senior Lead Officers (SLO) will continue the â€Å"Lock it, Hide it, Keep it† flyer campaign. Detectives will utilize Social Media to reach and educate as many community members as possible. THEFTS: 20 Analysis: Thefts are above the 2013 Weekly Average of (17. 3) and were mainly spread out through the Division with a small cluster in the central portion of the Division. Strategies: Officers will be directed through the Daily Mission as needed. The decoy car will continue to be deployed in the major shopping centers. Officers will continue to drive through major parking lots of the shopping centers.SLO will continue to walk through businesses on a daily bases and continue to meet with the personnel. The Bike Unit will provide high visibility patrol in the parking lots of the shopping centers. -End of Crime Summary Report- Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process8 After reading the Crime Summary Report we can see how through analyzing the Crime Data and Crime Maps we are able to effectively write a written summary of the crime trends. Furthermore, we are able to analyze our strategies to see if they are effective. The Crime Summary Report gives us a comprehensive account of the current crime trends.Conclusion In conclusion, to successfully reduce the incidence of crime, it is done through comparing the numbers of the current crime to the previous amount of crime. Whether crime is up or down, will help determine if the crime reduction strategies are working or if adjustments need to be made so a different approa ch can be implemented. The Compstat process and the Crime Summary Report are tools used for crime reduction by counting, comparing and mapping crime data for law enforcement to analyze. Reducing and Analyzing Crime Through the Compstat Process9 References Los Angeles Police Department’s Compstat Unit. 2010, March 09). The Compstat Process – Managing Crime Reduction on the LAPD. George Gascon. (2006, January 25). Compstat Plus. David Weisburd, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Rosann Greenspan, and James J. Willis. (2004, April). The Growth of Compstat in American Policing. LAPD Website. Compstat process information Retrieved March, 08, 2013, from http://www. lapdonline. org William J. Bratton and Sean W. Malinowski. Police Performance Management in Practice: Taking COMPSTAT to the Next Level Vincent E. Henry. (2002) A comprehensive study of Compstat in police history and reform

Critical Review for a Research Article Based on Grammar Translation

INTRODUCTION For centuries, Strategies on teaching and learning second language has been formed and apply in the classroom. Based on that, many researches has been conducted to test these methods in teaching and learning process to examine whether it is efficient or just a waste of time. By reading through these researches, teacher has been given responsibility to choose which methods that can be adaptable to their own respective classroom and how it would help them with the lessons.Through this project, we have chosen a research articles that was conducted in China to find out how a specific teaching method will help in the teaching and learning process by examining the research articles written by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liqun Li. Furthermore, we will identify the teaching methods that were used by them and it relevance to the teaching and learning process in China.The study sought to investigate whether the communicative approach could help students acquire their vocabular y while reading through communicative activities, and develop their ability of using language and arouse their interest in learning English. 1. 0 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY. 2. 1 The Grammar Translation Method This method is more focusing on memorization of verb paradigms, grammar rules and vocabulary. Application of this knowledge was directed on translation of literary texts which is focusing on developing students’ appreciation of the target language’s literature as well as teaching the language.Written and oral translation plays a prominent part in classroom work. This encourages the learners to think and translate into their first language. Classes were conducted in the  native language which is the first language. A chapter in a distinctive textbook of this method would begin with a massive bilingual vocabulary list. Grammar points would come directly from the texts and be presented contextually in the textbook, to be explained elaborately by the teacher. In thi s method, while teaching the textbook the teacher translates every word and phrase from English into the learners' first language.A number of methods and techniques have evolved for the teaching of English and also other foreign languages in the recent past, yet this method is still in use especially in Asian country such as China. It maintains the first language of the learner as the reference particularly in the process of learning the second/foreign languages. The main principles on which the grammar translation method is based are the following: 1. Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best possible manner. 2.The  phraseology  and the  idioms  of the target language can best be assimilated in the process of interpretation. 3. The  structures  of the foreign languages are best learned when compared and contrast with those of first language. 2. 2 The Communicative Language Teaching Method Communicative has been developed by Britis h Applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches. CLT also places great emphasis on helping students use the target language in a variety of contexts and places. It is a great emphasis on learning four language skills – listening, speaking, reading, writing.Its primary focus is on helping learners create meaning rather than helping them develop perfectly grammatical structures or acquire native-like pronunciation. This means that successfully learning the English language is assessed in terms of how well learners have developed their communicative competence, which can loosely be defined as their ability to apply knowledge of both formal and sociolinguistic aspects of a language with adequate proficiency to communicate. CLT is usually characterized as a broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a clearly defined set of classroom practices.As such, it is most often defined as a list of general principles or features; 1) An emphasis o n learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. 2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation. 3) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the learning management process. 4) An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. 5) An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. 2. BACKGROUND OF CLT AND GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHODS IN CHINA The main purpose of CLT is to develop learners’ communicative competence. Communication is important in order to follow with the development of economy. When communicative language teaching (CLT) was introduced in China at first, it met with considerable resistance (Li, 2003; Zhu, 2003; Hu, 2002). Its pioneers changed the traditional grammar-translation method into a student-centred communicative approach. It is become unusual in learning f or the students because they need to communicate in class rather than hearing the teacher explanation.English language teaching in China was established by divergent stories and not a single narrative. According to Rao (2002), in learning the English language, the Chinese learners are more focusing on reading and writing; grammar and translation; memorization of vocabulary. However, the traditional grammar-translation method failed to make them improve in their communicative skill. In order to catch up with the development of economy and promote exchange, students’ communicative competence even their overall ability in language need to be improvedMost of the ELT teachers who had adopted CLT method grew less confident of it. This is because of their qualification and the National Testing System. At the end of 1990s’, a person named Zhu has summarized with an increasing series of CLT text books that were published. CLT started to be accepted and teachers were encouraged to teach communicatively and interactively in classes. Students were unable to communicate effectively in foreign language and they were dissatisfied with their communicative competence skills.Although CLT was introduced into the Chinese EFL classes in the early 1980s, the traditional grammar method is still employed in most classes. Before 2000, college English text books were used in most universities for more than 10 years designed for traditional methods such as grammar translation method. The students were being used to passive and obedient to teachers, waiting patiently and quietly what teachers give them. An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching with communicative approach and a new series of textbooks.The purpose was to find out the results of applying and assess of effectiveness of the communicative approach in English reading classes. 3. 0 PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching in Automobile Coll ege of Jilin University. The study began on September 2002. 8 non-English major classes were chosen at random. 4 classes will use CLT method in the teaching and learning process (Group C) and another 4 classes will used grammar-translation method (Group T). It lasted for 2 semesters with 116 participants on Group C and 118 on Group T.Jin, Singh, and Li prepared a Pre-treatment questionnaire asked about the students’ perception of the discourse structures and reading strategies at the beginning of the semester. 116 students received the questionnaire and returned them. Then, they were told about learner-centred approach, learner autonomy, the roles of themselves and teachers in class. To conduct the study on communicative approach, three steps were taken, which is a warm-up activities, reading activities, and follow up activities. 3. 1 Warm up activitiesStudents were required to do a group discussion, pair work and individual presentation to familiarise the topic that they wer e going to read. The need of such thing is to make sure that everyone will take part in the activities. Teachers will sometimes have to join in as a partner. The students’ interest in English learning was encouraged in such a dynamic and active atmosphere. 3. 2 Reading activities In order to make sure that students understood the global structure and was aware of the main idea in the material they were reading, teacher and students analysed the characteristics of different discourse structures together in class.Predictive and jigsaw reading activity were organised to improve students’ clarity of the discussion. 3. 2. 1 Predictive Reading Activity The activities was suitable for narrative passages which were divided into parts for one group, then another to read one in limited time, then they also were asked to work in small group and had to offer their own prediction and share with the whole of the class. After that they went on to read and test their different expecta tions. Whoever share the same ideas with the author would be very excited, others with different prediction were amused, too. . 2. 2 Jigsaw Reading Activity Teacher divided the selected material into sections and divided students into group; with limited time given, they were asked to read only one paragraph for each group to find a main idea and prediction for the next and before the paragraph. When they come into problems, they will try to solve it discussing issues with their peers. There are two procedures for this activity: A- First, one student from each group made a report on their findings and other students will have to listen attentively to take note.After all the reports, students have collected all the main content from all groups then in their group, decide the order of the paragraph. At the end of the activities, the whole class will agreed on the logical sequences. B- Secondly, students were divided into different groups, with each member coming from a different group . Each student in the new group brought their materials and all of them organised the passage according to the most logical order. 3. 3 Follow up Activities By the end of the activity, teacher asked questions about the passage to acquire the feedback from the students.All the activities were arranged for all students in the class to participate actively in the interactions and eventually improved their overall English language ability. 4. 0 OUTCOMES The study done by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liquin Li has achieved the following result which is the comparison on test result, time taken by the teacher in class, and feedback between Group C and Group T which practiced the Communicative Language Teaching and Grammar-Translation methods in class for two semesters respectively. 4. 1 Test ResultStudents were required to take a test paper to check their skills on reading (R40), listening (L15) and vocabulary and structures (L15). The numbers being allocated to it are the fullest mark s. Test papers were exactly the same in listening and reading. The part of vocabulary and structures were all from their respective textbooks. TEST/GROUP| GROUP C| GROUP T| R40| 30. 18| 29. 56| L15| 10. 58| 8. 54| V15| 9. 09| 8. 22| Table 1 : Test result for Group C and Group T Judging from the result of the test, students in Group C did better than those in T-group in all aspects.They were especially superior in listening, and slightly better in vocabulary. This does seems that a communicative approach can improve students’ performance in examination and does not undermine their capacity to succeed in tests. 4. 2 Tape Result The process of teaching and learning of the groups were recorded in audio and checked to see the differences between the two classroom management with grammar-translation and communicative approaches. In the GT classes, the teachers’ lectures took about 91% of the time in class.On the other hand, 64% of the time was spent in student-centred activi ties which ultimately give chances for all students in the classroom to speak English. 4. 3 Feedback Comments on the training program were obtained for a group of college students just graduated from high-school. 29 people out of 30 showed a favourable attitude and acknowledged their progress in all of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills during the three-month training. From the 116 students, 85% of them said they liked the CLT methods better.Students in Grammar-Translation group just sat there nodding mechanically with no chance to speak language. They commented that the teachers were training them to be like robot because they just accepted what the teachers gave them. At the end of the first semester, three university supervisors observed the class with CLT methods and confirmed the active, motivating atmosphere and the positive, effective functions of it. 5. 0 CHINESE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE TEACHING METHODS. Another research study has been conducted by Z .Rao (2002) to investigate Chinese students’ perceptions of communicative and non-communicative activities and their difficulties in EFL classes that used CLT method. The instruments include a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 30 Chinese English-major college students were chosen at random from those who exposed to CLT for completing a survey. 15 of them were sophomores, 15 were juniors, with 21 females and 9 males, ranging in age from 18 to 23. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part A was about the students’ background, English proficiency and their opinions of communicative and non-communicative activities.Part B composed of 19 items asking about communicative and non-communicative activities. Part C invited students to explain their difficulties in communicative activities in class. 5. 1 Research results. The data was examined after it was collected and analysed inductively. The survey results showed that the students preferred non-communicativ e activities, compared with communicative ones although they liked a variety of class activities. Almost all students preferred teachers’ grammatical explanations in English mother-tongue-avoidance strategy in class.Sometimes the lack of authentic English context and confidence in themselves prevent them from participating in communicative activities. Some dynamic, creative activities were welcomed by good English learners. All students thought it helpful for teachers to direct class discussions, and they were they were interested in authentic English materials, e. g. newspaper or magazine articles. All students were interested in CLT methods in class, twenty-two of whom liked non-communicative activities better, and eight preferred communicative activities.All of them thought the combination of communicative and non-communicative activities was better. Because of most examinations were grammar-based, and many students’ motivations for learning of English was career-or ientated. They didn’t attach importance to communicative activities although they were interested in them. And 25 of 30 students thought they were used to the traditional grammar-translation method which was teacher-centred, textbook-driven and emphasized rote memory. They consider their teachers were authority and reluctant to challenge them. CONCLUSIONAfter a deep look into the research articles conducted by three capable and professional professor of English Education, we realise that most classes in China uses Grammar-translation method on their teaching and learning process instead of the more modern approach on language teaching such as CLT. It is by no means an expired approach because students in China still preferred to use the method and claim it sufficient in learning English language. The paper done by Li, Jin, and Singh has explored the CLT method to college English and compared them with traditional method of grammar-translation.Li (2003) summarises that judging from the feedback from the students and the results of examinations, communicative approach was advantageous and favourable, it aroused their interest in English language and developing their learner autonomy. Although the study shown that CLT method is much more efficient with a higher result on English language skills (listening, speaking, writing, and reading), Rao (2002) has conducted one research on students’ own perceptions instead of looking at the end result of students’ proficiency in English language which resulted in favour of the more traditional method of grammar-translation.According to Rao (2002), teacher may help their students understand the nature of the language, the features of CLT, the function of the class, the role of student and the teacher. They could create environment for students to practise the language which give them some insights into real-life situation. Adding to that, teachers could be facilitators that help students to access authen tic English language materials. It will offer students knowledge into other nations, peoples, ultures, and everything significant. Thus it has come to our understanding that even though both methods might be applicable to English language classes depending on the variable of the students’ conception and environment, teachers could be the initiators that encourage students to accept the other modern methods and be the one who clear away misconceptions that might be used to hinder the teaching and learning process in classroom.REFERENCES 1- Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, Liqun Li; Communicative Language Teaching in China: Misconceptions, Applications and Perceptions. (2005) Australian Association for Research in Education. 2- Rao, Z. (2002), Chinese Students’ Perceptions of Communicative and Non-Communicative Activities in EFL Classroom. System 30, pp. 85-105. 3- Xiao Qing Liao; How Communicative Language Teaching Became Acceptable in Secondary Schools in China.The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 10, October 2000; http://iteslj. org/. 4- Rao Zhenhui; Foreign Languages College, Jiangxi Normal College, China. Modern vs. Traditional. Taken 10 October 2012 from http://eca. state. gov/forum/vols/vol37/no3/p27. htm. 5- Rhalmi Mohammed I’m Rhalmi Mohammed; articles on Grammar Translation Method (April 2009) and Communicative Language Teaching (Sep 2009) taken on October 2012 from http://myenglishpages. com.