Delegation and Decentralization

Delegation of Authority Delegation is the process by which authority passes from one organizational level to another. But for delegation of authority, organizations would remain forever small. Delegation is the only solution to cope with the increasing work load of managers as the organization grows. Because of the-constraints of time and ability, a manager cannot perform all the tasks himself. Therefore, he delegates certain of the tasks to the subordinate and gets, them done. The process of delegation has the following steps: a) Entrustment of duties or assignment of responsibilities b) Granting of authority: ) Creation of accountability: Entrustment of duties or Assignment of responsibilities This is a crucial step in that a few important questions like what to delegate? when to delegate? whom to delegate? and how to delegate are answered. The effectiveness of delegation depends on how clearly these questions are answered. First of all, the manager has to decide the tasks to be de legated to the subordinates. For this, he must be able to distinguish between the routine and non-routine tasks, Routine and single tasks can as well be performed by the subordinates while the non-routine and very important tasks must be performed by himself.Granting of authority: When the subordinates are assigned certain tasks or responsibilities. it goes without saying that they need authority also to perform the tasks. Authority is required by them to make use of the resources of the organization in the execution of the tasks. The superior therefore, parts with his authority to enable the subordinate to perform. Responsibility and authority both go together. One of the Important principle of organizing – parity of authority and responsibility emphasizes the need for a proper balance between the two. Creation of accountability:Delegation does not end with just entrusting of duties and the granting of authority. The superior has to create an obligation on the part of the su bordinate to perform. In other words, the subordinate is accountable to his superior for the tasks delegated. Thus, while authority flows downwards, responsibility flows upwards. Normally, accountability is created by asking the subordinate to submit performance reports / status reports from time to time. ? Decentralization of Authority The term ‘decentralization' should not be confused with that of delegation.Although the two are closely related decentralization is much more wider in scope reflecting management's philosophy regarding which decisions to be taken at the top as well as down the line in the organization. While in delegation authority is transferred on one-to-one basis from the superior to the subordinate. Decentralization of authority is broader in scope and involves the transfer of authority in the organizational context from top to the lower rungs of management In the hierarchy. Thus the greater the amount of authority delegated throughout the organization.The more decentralized the organization is it must also be understood that both absolute centralization and absolute decentralization are undesirable for the former refers to an autocratic structure while the latter results in a chaotic situation. For this reason, decentralization must be viewed as a relative concept. not as an absolute one. Ernest Dale a well-known management writer has described the following conditions where decentralization is greater: †¢The greater the number of decisions made lower down the management hierarchy. The more important the decisions made lower down the management hierarchy. For example, the greater the sum of capital' expenditure that can be approved by the plant manager without consulting anyone' else, the greater the degree of decentralization in this field. †¢The more functions affected by decisions made at lower levels.Thus, companies which permit only operational decisions to be made at branch/plant levels are less decentralized than tho se which permit financial and personnel decisions at branch / plant level. The less checking required on the decision. Decentralization is greatest when no check at all must be made; less when superiors have to be informed decision after it has been made, still less if superiors have to be consulted before the decision is made. The fewer people to be, consulted, and the lower they are on the management hierarchy, the greater the degree of decentralization. The advantages of decentralization are similar to the advantages of delegation. Unburdening of top managers, . mproved decision making, because decisions are made closer to the scene of action, better training, morale and initiative at lower levels, and more flexibility and faster decision making are some of the advantages of decentralization. These advantages are widely acclaimed so much so that decentralization is often regarded as good and centralization as ‘bad' But total decentralization, as mentioned earlier with no co ordination from the top would be undesirable. That is why, the question before manager is not whether an organization should be decentralized, but to what extent it should be decentralized.On the whole, the appropriate amount of decentralization for an organization will vary with tine and circumstances. It will also vary for the different units of the organization. For example, production and sales departments, in general, have gained a high degree of decentralization in many organizations, whereas financial departments have tended to remain relatively centralized. Barriers to effective delegation Though delegation is a powerful device whereby managers reduce their workload, unless adequate care is exercised the result may be considerable anxiety for both superiors and subordinates.Delegation requires effective communication. The subordinates while accepting delegation must understand exactly what the superior wants. Delegation also involves motivation, influence and leadership. To make delegation effective, the spirit and willingness of both the parties are crucial. Following are some of the reasons why delegation often fails in organizations, to which both superiors and subordinates are responsible. Superior’s resistance to delegation i)The â€Å"I can do it better myself fallacy†: Some managers always suffer from a feeling that they only can do the job better.Consequently two things happen. First, spending time on a task a subordinate could perform means the manager may not be able to perform other important duties like policy formulation ‘and supervision. Second, unless the manager allows subordinates attempt new tasks, they will be unable to develop their skills. Thus by insisting on doing things themselves managers often fail to meet their responsibility for training and growing subordinates for promotion to higher levels. ii)Lack of ability to direct: Some managers become so involved in day-to-day operations that they neglect the bro ader picture.Unable to understand the long term perspective of the work flow, they do not fully realize the importance of distributing work among subordinates. Some managers deliberately do this because of lack of confidence in their supervisory abilities. iii)Lack of confidence in subordinates: Lack of trust and confidence on subordinates abilities and skills make the superiors reluctant to delegate. As a result, subordinates lose initiative and frequently seek the guidance of the bosses to know whether they are doing the things correctly.? iv)Aversion to risk:Since the superior can not absolve himself of the final performance of the task, he may fear that delegating the job will cause problems. Further those superiors who see a threat in the subordinates always try to avoid delegation. This is mostly due to the mind set where the superior fears that he may be outsmarted by the subordinate and eventually the latter may become a potential threat to his position. v)Absence of selecti ve controls: When certain duties are delegated to subordinates the superior has to ensure proper controls in the form of feedback about performance.It gives the superior the security of knowing the problem before much damage takes place. If controls are not adequate and effective, manager has good reason to avoid authority delegation. Subordinates resistance to delegation It should not be construed from the above discussion that superiors are only responsible for poor or ineffective delegation. The subordinates role in the whole exercise cannot be lost sight of. Their attitude and skills play a significant role. Sometimes subordinates may avoid responsibility and block the delegation process for the following reasons: The subordinate finds it easier to ask the boss what to do rather than taking the initiative himself. †¢The subordinate fears criticism for mistakes. Since greater responsibilities increase the chances of making an error. The subordinates for the sake of security try to avoid additional responsibilities. †¢The subordinate lacks the information and resources needed to do . the job successfully. Some managers with a view to let down their subordinates may deliberately make the delegation unclear. As a result the subordinate lands himself in confusion as to the exact nature of the duties and the authority that he can exercise.The motive of the superior in such cases may be to make the subordinate fail in the execution. †¢The subordinate believes he or she has more work than he or she can do. For fear of over burdening himself he may not show any interest to accept new responsibilities. †¢The subordinates lack self-confidence. Added to that the fear that they will get into trouble in the event of failure puts them in a still worse situation. †¢The subordinate is not offered any Incentives or benefits in terms of pay rises, importance and status for assuming additional responsibilities.

Economic Globalization Essay

Economic globalisation is a concept that has become common in the recent times and it is popularity is growing overtime. It virtually implies the process by which two or more countries economically integrate with an aim of enabling a global marketplace or in other words creating a global single market (Fung, 2006, pp 1). The main purpose for economic integration is to enable the expansion of the market, that is, corporations are enabled to operate beyond the borders of their country of origin. The concept of economic globalization can be perceived to posses both positives and negatives depending on the context over which is being analyzed from (Gardner, 2005, pp 67) The concept of economic globalization can be traced back to the ancient days during the trans-national trade period, which is several thousand years ago. The process of economic globalization is in control of the world trade organisation that provide rules that need to be followed in enhancing effective trade interactions between various countries of the world (Stalker, 1998, pp3),. The main goal of the WTO is to enable the producers of goods and services, the exporters of the goods and the importers of goods to conduct their business with much easy. The rules are based on the agreements that are set among the trading nations, where the agreements are expected to be ratified by the parliament of respective nations (Gu, 2006, pp 157). The WTO membership is currently 153 world countries with also a number of observers. The admission date into the organization of various nations vary from one country to other as it is a voluntary participation. For example, China joined the organization on 11 December 2001 (Peerenboom, 2007, pp 145). This proposal is based on carrying a research concerning the effects of Economic globalization and China’s accession to WTO on domestic companies. The proposal starts at first providing the background information concerning economic globalization in china and its effect on the Chinese Economy. The research questions and objectives are then provided, the scope of the study and the significance of the study as the part of introduction. Literature review will then follow methodology and lastly the time plan. The research will use the Shenzhen Energy Corporation in China as one of the China’s domestic energy enterprises in analyzing the effects of economic globalization on domestic companies and the response of these companies to the competition that arises from economic globalization in ensuring market sustainability. 1. 1 Background Economic globalisation is perceived to have enhanced China to attain an accelerated economic growth following the expansion of its market size, which enables the country to produce more following the increased demand for their products and services (Kotler, 2005, pp 37). The country is perceived to be benefiting from the global market in a reasonable manner following the country’s comparative advantage of cheap labour (Lu, 2003, pp 567). The cheap labour is enhanced through the high population of the country that implies abundant supply of labour (Prigoff, 1999, pp 89). This situation provides the country with a competitive advantage in the world market on the reason that its products are likely to bear a low price compared to the ones of their competitors who experiences high costs of production (Allan, 2004, pp 17). Following the encouraging of economic globalization by China becoming a member of WTO, the volume of foreign investments grew in China that were likely to compete with the local producers of goods and services (Hopper, 2006, pp 297). Shenzhen Energy is one of the domestic companies that felt the impact of the foreign investment competition and responded to it accordingly in enabling market sustainability. Shenzhen Energy Corporation was established through a fund raising in 1993 on it being approved by the people’s government office in the city of Shenzhen. The company was listed in the Shenzhen stock exchange market in September 1993, and it was the first large shareholding enterprise in the national electric powers to be listed in the stock market. The company was also the first public service stock company to be listed in the Shenzhen stock market (http://www. sec. com. cn/en/about/index. aspx? ModuleNo=080102 ). The company is controlled by the shareholder, Shenzhen Energy group company that was founded in 1993 as a state owned power company. The controlling company had been growing rapidly in proportionate to the economic growth of Shenzhen economy. The scope of business for the company is to develop, produce, purchase and market the various convectional energies and new energies within China. The company engages in investments and carries operations that are meant to enhance development. It participates in the transporting raw materials that are energy related and also involves itself in port, dock and storage industry. The company has investments and operations that are related to energy in the land industry, real estate industry and also the leasing industry. The company’s investments and operations are also extended to high technology industries that are meant to improve the efficiency in the utilization of energy. The company’s operations go beyond the border of China, that is, it involves in the import and the export of various goods. The goods that are exported and imported by the company include the set of equipment, supporting equipment, machines tools and also the vehicles that are to be used in energy projects. The company is also engaged in providing services that are related to the energy industry that include the designing, construction, management and providing the day to day operating services to energy projects. The company also provides service that includes staff training, consultation among other services that are mean to enable improved performance of the human resources in the energy industry and the making of informed decisions. The participation in developing environmental protection technology is a task that is carried by the company following the pollution claims that are raised concerning the consumption of energy. From the accounting reporting of the company’s performance in 2007, the company had a total asset base worth 24. 5 billion Yuan. The larger proportion of the company’s market is based in Shenzhen where it also hold majority of the share value of the plants. Its operations are mainly concentrated in Shenzhen and its surrounding. Some of these plants in which it holds shares include Shenzhen Mawan General Plant, Shenzhen Yuelianngwan Power plant, Dongguan Zhangyang Power Plant, Huizhou Fengda Power Plant, Guangdong heyuan Power Plant, and Ghana Combustion Engine Power Plant. The last two plants as provided in the list above are under construction. The company’s performance as been desirable overtime. Shenzhen Energy Corporation has consistently been awarded various tittles that include outstanding enterprise, Advanced party committee and the law abiding tax payer. Therefore, Shenzhen energy Corporation can be perceived as being a local company in China that is likely to be affected by the foreign investors in china in the energy industry as a result of economic globalization. 1. 2 Problem Statement Following the participation of China in the economic globalization as an avenue over which economic growth can be enhanced and the China’s accession to WTO can be perceived to have posed some effects on the domestic companies in China. The effect on the domestic companies arises from fact that a number of foreign companies are likely to be established in China to compete with the domestic companies. The competition between the domestic and the foreign companies in a given industry imply that the market for some industry is likely to be divided among the competitors with respect to their competitive advantages. The companies that produce their goods and services within the market standards and price will stand a better chance of taking a larger marker share compared to the companies that are less competent. In the wake for economic globalization and China’s accession to WTO, there has been quite a large inflow of foreign companies into the Chinese economy. The energy industry has not been the exemption. A large number of power enterprises have been flowing into the economy, and they are characterized by having a large capital base, they are of high technology and possess management efficiency. These characteristics enable these foreign power enterprises to compete favorably with the domestic power enterprises like Shenzhen power corporation. The competition has been tight between the domestic power enterprises and the foreign power enterprises that require respective enterprises to undertake some strategies in enabling them to survive in the market. Shenzhen power corporation has not been an exemption in the competition that is posed by both foreign power enterprises and the local enterprises. The corporation has been thriving despite the increased and tight competition in the energy industry. Therefore, the aim of the study is to bring the strategies that have been taken by Shenzhen power corporation in enhancing the capability of being influential and profitable in the energy industry that seem to be flooded by the foreign power enterprises that have a large capital base, operate with high technology and posses effective management skills. 1. 3 Research questions The main research question of the study is to explain the marketing strategies that have been taken by Shenzhen power corporation in enhancing market sustainability in an industry that is dominated by foreign power enterprises. The questions to be answered in the reach for answering the main question include; i. How does the corporation gather information that is meant to aid in designing marketing strategies? ii. What are the company’s target groups? iii. How does the company do its pricing? iv. To what level is customer satisfaction used as a marketing strategy? v. The nature of public relation of the corporation? 1. 4 Research objectives The main objective of the study is to establish the kind of marketing strategies that have been undertaken by Shenzhen power corporation in enabling market sustainability in foreign enterprises dominated industry. The auxiliary objectives that will enable to attain the main objective of the study include i. Identify the various means in which the corporations gather information that is used in designing marketing strategies ii. Identify the target groups for the company’s products and services. iii. Identify the criteria that the company uses to set its prices in ensuring effective price setting. iv. Establish the level of customer satisfaction by the corporations v. Establish the nature of the products and services provided by the corporation to the market and their uniqueness compared to the products of the competitors. 1. 5 Scope of the study The study will be based on the looking at the practices adapted by Shenzhen power corporation in relation to the attempt of the corporation to ensure market sustainability in tight competition offered by the foreign power enterprises that are characterized by a large capital base, operate with the application of high technology, and inherent with effective management. Therefore, the study is meant to address the responses from Shenzhen power corporation following the tight competition in the industry that enable the company to thrive in the industry. 1. 6 Significance of the study The significance of the study follows from the argument that economic globalization is certain to disadvantage the domestic industries, that will have an adverse impact of retarding economic growth. Following the economic globalization of China and the example of Shenzhen power corporation, the above statement seem to be invalid because Shenzhen power corporation is still profitable regardless of the economic globalization as a China’s domestic company. This implies that, there are lessons that are to be learnt from the practices of Shenzhen power corporation following its enhanced market sustainability. The lessons will be applied by other corporations that associate their failure to the concept to economic globalization. 1. 7 Hypothesis of the study The hypothesis of the study is that domestic companies are not affected negatively by economic globalization, but it is their economic inefficiency that makes them incompetent in competing with the foreign companies. Therefore, the companies’ poor performance after economic globalization is not as a result of the many competitors, it is because of their inefficiency that makes them less competitive. Competitive advantage is earned by designing relevant strategies and not by reducing the number of competitor. Competition is required in the economy in avoiding the excesses that are associated with the monopolies, because the inefficient companies are certain to exit the market due to their inability to compete favorable. Therefore, competition is likely to ensure efficient utilization of resources in meeting the needs of the society. Domestic companies should thus design strategies that are meant to enable them withstand the competition in the market, and that will also promote efficient utilization of the national wealth in meeting the needs of the society. 2. 0 Literature Review 2. 1 Gathering information for strategy designing On ensuring effective strategy designing, an organization is required to gather information that is meant to be used as a tool for strategy designing. This act is meant to eliminate the act of designing strategies arbitrary as it posses the possibility of the strategies becoming irrelevant. Therefore, an organisation requires to lay some measures in ensuring that information that is available and to be used for designing strategy is representational of the real market situation, otherwise the expected results from the strategies will never be realized (Hiebing, 2004, pp 2). The source for information that will be useful for designing the strategies varies in relation to the nature of the industry, the operations of organisation and purpose to which the information will be put into. For example gathering information that is meant to be used in designing the marketing strategies, an organisation is required to get the information concerning the market condition (Boone, 2005, pp 37) The information concerning the market condition may include the desires of the customers, the market price of some products as provided by the demand and the supply forces, and practices of competitors. The right source for information that is to be used in designing marketing strategies should be obtained from the various agencies of the organisation who interact with the customers, because they are the ones who are accessible to the customers, hence likely to understand the customer desires than the managers who are responsible of administration related matters (Cundiff, 2007, pp 48) On ensuring effective designing of strategies that are meant to improve the organisation’s competence, an organisation is supposed to base its redesigning using the past experience. This will enable an organization to avoid the possibility of repeating the errors that were committed in the previous designs (Bradley, 2005, pp231) 2. 2 Pricing. The pricing mechanism normally depends on the nature of the market structure. A market structure can either be a monopoly, an oligopoly or a competitive market (Gummesson, 2002, pp 137) Price setting in each market structure vary depending characteristics in each market. For example, in the competitive market, every firm in the market is a price taker. They are price takers on the reason that none of the firms can determine the price in the, otherwise the price in the market is influenced by the price mechanism. In a monopoly market, a firm has the powers to determine the price of its goods through the controlling of the supply (Luck, 1985, pp 132). For a firm to survive in the competitive market, the firm is expected to sell at the market price as provided by the market mechanism, otherwise its products are likely to experience a low demand compared to the products of the competitors (Adcock, 2001, pp 102). This follows from the demand law, that explains that when the price of a good increases, the demand of the good is likely to decline. The decline of the demand follows from the consumer either switching to the consumption of a substitute good that will benefit a competitor or reduce the consumption of the good due to the budget constraint (Hisrich, 2000, pp 112) In the competitive market, a firm that is likely to produce its goods and services at the lowest costs is the one that is likely to earn a competitive advantage over the other competitors in the industry. This follows from the fact that the production of goods with low costs will have an impact of increasing the profit margin of the company when selling the goods at the market price (Kotler, 1988, pp 199). This will also enable the firm to compete favorably in the price war in enhancing the demand of the its products, because the company will be able to realize the desired profits level even when selling the goods at the price below the market price (Gualtianan, 1995, pp 89). A firm will only attain the low costs of production if it produces the goods with a lot of efficiency in avoiding waste, that is, the firm should enhance optimal allocation and utilization of the resources in attaining an optimal amount of output at a given the specific level of technology. Organizations can enhance the efficient utilization of the resources by adaptation the various practices that are meant to optimally utilize the resources that include human resource development and the adaptation of the appropriate technology that is certain to enable efficient utilization of the resources owned by a firm (Webster, 1995, pp 47) 2. 3 Customer Satisfaction. Customer satisfaction plays an important role in creating consumer loyalties. The creating of loyalties will rescue the firm from incurring a lot of expenses in advertisement on the look for customers (Davenport, 2001, pp 69). The created consumer loyalty will retain the customers, as they are likely to consume the products of the company in the future. Therefore, it can be perceived as an investment that is meant to benefit the firm to realize the flow of income in the future following the enhanced loyalty. Consumer loyalty is maintained by the firm providing high standard goods to their customers and listening to the desires of the customers, otherwise, the firm is certain to loose the already created loyalties in the future if it does not meet the desires of the customers. The firm is also required to engage in product innovations overtime that are supposed to improve the quality of the products in factoring in the desires of the customers (Hutt, 1981, pp 201). This will reinforce the existing loyalties and also create other more loyalties that are certain to ensure the future demand for the products and services provided by the firm. There normally exist variations in the desires of the customers, implying that the providing of standardized services and products to customers is certain to satisfy the customers in varied ways. In such a situation, a firm is required to either provide a wide range of products that is meant to meet the varied desires or provide customized products and services that are meant to improve the level of customer satisfaction. The advantage for creating customer loyalties through customer satisfaction is that the firm is likely to reduce the costs in advertisement and other promotions because the customers that are retained are aware of the operations of the firm and its operations (Godin, 1999, pp 32). This will enable the company to reduce its cost of operation that will be reflected as an increased marginal profits, hence a positive step towards profit maximization. 2. 4 Product differentiation and patenting. Product differentiation can be perceived as being a strategy that is meant to make the products of some firm unique compared to the products that are offered by the competitors. It will enable the customers to identify the products easily without mistaking it for the ones offered by the competitors. Differentiation may include the adding of some features to the products offered to the market that is meant to sway the customers in enhancing high demand. The differentiations that make the product unique can be copyrighted to avoid the competitors from imitating the design of the product (Sandshoes, 2000, pp43). The patents will bar the competitors from imitating the products, thus a marketing strategy that is meant to enable the firm to minimize competition. 3. 0 Methodology 3. 1 Design The research will involve the collection of information concerning the organisation in question, evaluate its performance over time, and mostly by focusing at its profitability over time in relation to the various strategies that were taken by the organisation to enhance the performance. The study will look at the marketing strategies that are adapted by the organisation and their effects on performance of the organisation. The evaluation of the effects of the strategies on the organization will be identified on using the theories that have been established in relationship to the impact of various changes that are done within the organisation on the performance of the organisation. Therefore, the study will rather use qualitative data than quantitative given the nature of the topic addressed. 3. 2 Participants The main participant in the research is the shenzhen Energy corporation. The company is chosen as a representational of the domestic companies in evaluating the impact of economic globalization on domestic companies and on how best the companies should responding through the designing of marketing strategies in enhancing competence. Shenzhen energy corporation has been used as a representational following its ability to withstand the competition from foreign companies in the energy industry in China. 3. 3 Data collection Following the design of the research, the data that will be collected should be related to the marketing strategies that the Shenzhen energy corporation had taken in enhancing competitive advantage. The strategies that need to be identified include, how the company is enhancing customer Satisfaction, how does the company do pricing, how does the company reach the target group, how does the company gather information that is to be used in decision making concerning the design of marketing strategies, and how the company make its products competitive in the market. 3. 4. Data analysis Data analysis will be done by confronting the identified marketing strategies with the existing marketing theory as provided in literature. This will enable the study to bring out the logic behind the strategies that were taken by Schenzhen energy corporation is ensuring its success. 4. 0 Time Plan. The research will take a time frame of ten weeks, where each week will be allocated its tasks as provided by the schedule below: Task Week Making contacts on places where data and literature will be collected 1 Literature Reviewing 2-3 Collection of Data 4 Data Validation 5 Data Analysis and Interpretation 6-7 writing a draft report 8 Third party reading of the report 9 writing the final report 10 Bibliography Adcock, Dennis. Marketing: Principals and Practice. Financial Times/Prentice hall. 2001. Allan, Clement. Economic Globalization: Social Conflict. labour and Environmental Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2004. Bradley, Frank. International Marketing strategy. Financial Times/ Prentice hall. 2005. Boone, Louis and Kurtz, David. Contemporary Marketing. Thomson South-Western. 2005. Cundiff, Edward and Govoni, Norman. Fundamentals of Modern marketing. University of California. 2007. Davenport, Teresa. Marketing Training Programs: Marketing Training Programs. American Society for Training and Development. 2001. Luck, David. Marketing Strategy and Plans: Systematic marketing management. Prentice hall. 1985. Lu, Ding and Zhou, Huizhong. China’s Economic Globalization Through the WTO. 2003. Shenzhen Energy Website. Company Profile. Retrieved from; http://www. sec. com. cn/en/about/index. aspx? ModuleNo=080102 Fungi, Hung-gay. Chinese Challenges of Economic Globalization: The effect of WTO Sandhusen, Richard. Marketing. Barron’s Educational Series. 2000. Gardner, Susannah. Buzz Marketing with Blogs for Dummies. Wley. 2005. Godini, Seth. Permission in Marketing. Simion & Schuster. 1998. Gualtianan, Joseph and Paul, Gordon. Marketing Management: Strategies and Programs. McGraw-Hill. 1995. Gummessoni, Evert. Total relationship marketing. Butterworth-heinmenn. 2002. Hiebing, Roman and Cooperi, Scott. The One Day Marketing Plan for an organisation: Organizing and Completing a working Plan. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2004. Hisrichi, Robert. Marketing: Business Libr. Barron’s Series. 2001. Hopper, Paul. Living with Globalization. Berg publishers. 2006. Hutt, Michael and Speh, Thomas. Industrial Marketing management: A Strategy View of Organizational Markets. University of Michigan. 1981. Kotler, Philp. Principles in Marketing. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005. Kotler, Philip. Management Marketing: analysis, planning process, implementing, and controlling. Prentice hall. 1988. Peerenboomi, Randalla. China’s Modernization. Oxford University Press. 2007. Prigoff, Wyner. Economics of the Social workers University of Michigan. 1999. Stalkeri, Peter. The Social Effects of Globalization. Prentice Hall Publishing. 1998. Webster, Fredrick. Industrial , Marketing Strategy. John Wiley and Sons. 1995.

Describe the Functionalist (Emile Durkheim), Conflict...

Describe the Functionalist, Conflict and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education. Education - A Functionalist Perspective Emile Durkheim proposed an explicitly functionalist explanation of the role of education in society. The major function/task of education was, according to Durkheim, the transmission of society s norms and values. Durkheim considered that all societies must have means of passing on their norms and values to the young. If they did not, they could not continue. Such transmission then is a functional prerequisite, and it is the educational system which has the job of carrying it out. Or at least this is so for modern industrial societies, says Durkheim. (In traditional societies - in pre-industrial†¦show more content†¦Indeed, the school is society in miniature; as such it demands that individuals follow rules of conduct so that the organization / school can continue to function and to carry out its responsibilities. Summary For Durkheim, modern education has two functions: - The MAJOR function is the transmission to the young of cultural norms and values. Here are included all manner of beliefs. - The teaching of skills so as to occupy a position in the modern division of labor. Education - A Conflict Perspective (Marxist) For Marxists, the analysis focuses upon the workings of the CAPITALIST economic system and the degree of conflict within society between social groups, notably between the ruling, capitalist class and the working class. The Education System is seen as a tool by which the working class are kept in their place, in a position of subservience, exploited and oppressed. They maintain that education reproduces the social class structure: or more simply education promotes the interests of a society s power elite and perpetuates a society s class divisions. They say this is accomplished by the Hidden Curriculum - where teachers insist on proper English and good manners from students with prosperous backgrounds because the teacher knows where they are headed. Lower status children are not encouraged to use these skills by the teachers and are destined for low status positions. Therefore they are blocked from higher education. Education - The InteractionistShow MoreRelatedEssay about Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory2741 Words   |  11 Pagesperspectives: the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective. Each perspective offers a variety of explanations about the causes of and possible solutions for social problems (Rubington Weinberg, 1995). Structural-Functionalist Perspective The structural-functionalist perspective is largely based on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to structural-functionalist, society is a systemRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesstudy of social interactions. It is a relatively new academic discipline which evolved in the early 19th century. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide

High Glycemic Index Diet Associations With Depression

In this review, we highlight the recent findings on high glycemic index diet associations with depression. We focus on GI, GL, high calorie diet and BMI and describe biological and behavioral mechanisms in relation to GI-Depression Introduction: The consumption of sweetened beverages, refined foods, and pastries has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, any influence that refined carbohydrates has on mood could be commensurate with their proportion in the overall diet; studies are therefore needed that measure overall intakes of carbohydrate and sugar, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load. The glycemic index or glycaemic index (GI) is a number associated with a particular type†¦show more content†¦The glycemic load (GL) of food is a number that estimates how much the food will raise a person s blood glucose level after eating it. One unit of glycemic load approximates the effect of consuming one gram of glucose. Glycemic load accounts for how much carbohydrate is in the food and how much each gram of carbohydrate in the food raises blood glucose levels. Glycemic load is based on the glycemic index (GI), and is calculated by multiplying the grams of available carbohydrate in the food times the food s GI and then dividing by 100. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person s thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. People with depressed mood can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, ashamed or restless. They may lose interest in activities that were once pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, and may contemplate, attempt or commit suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, aches, pains, digestive problems or reduced energy may also be present. Depressed mood is a feature of some psychiatric syndromes such as major depressive disorder, but it may also be a normal reaction to life events such as grief, a symptom of some bodily ailments or a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. In this review I will talk about high glycemic index

How Being A Woman In The Nineteenth Century Could...

Unlike the modern medicine, during the nineteenth century when the story â€Å"The yellow wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman takes place postpartum depression was not even considered a viable affliction. As a result Gilman’s unnamed protagonist and narrator, a wife of a doctor named John, suffers unnecessarily with the common illness ultimately plunging into insanity. The lack of understanding in the mental health field at that time is a contributing factor; however it is not the only thing to blame for â€Å"Mrs. John’s† downward spiral. Mrs. John herself contributes in her own undoing merely by doing what is expected of her as a subservient woman in that era. When first introduced to Mrs. John, she is being taken to a colonial mansion her†¦show more content†¦Mrs. John believes John is a loving and caring husband, but the fact that John continues to work for the duration of their stay in the mansion suggests that he has taken Mrs. John the re to hide her away while she is ill. Mrs. John’s perceived malady may have been an embarrassment for John. Even Mrs. John believes she needs to give John a break from dealing with her stating, â€Å"I meant to be a help for John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already!†(Gilman, 381) John in fact does not believe that there is really anything wrong with Mrs. John and stays away from her for long periods of time leaving his sister Jennie to care for her. Mrs. John feels some â€Å"congenial work, with excitement and change† and â€Å"more society and stimulus† would do her good. John believes those things would be the worst thing for Mrs. John. So in being a good wife Mrs. John just goes against her better judgment and follows John’s orders. As the story progresses you can see the harmful psychological effects of the rest cure unfold in Mrs. John. Mrs. John gradually becomes more and more preoccupied with the ugly yellow wall paper in her room. Mrs. John spends hours tracing the lines in the wallpapers pattern trying to make sense of the design. Mrs. John begins imaging that the wallpaper is full of eyes staring at her. Then Mrs. John starts to see, â€Å"a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure that seems to skulk about† in the

itunes International Pricing Strategy - Case Study Examples

PART-1 Executive Summary The Apple as a brand with its association like i-Tunes was launched internationally as a operating software for the entertainment and media. However, since Apples Attractive package and product offerings and value so far there i-Phone, i-Pad or even i-Mac goes is comparatively not attractive anymore because of its association with i-Tunes. Nevertheless, the pricing for a product like media and entertainment that too in the international market had a negative effect upon the brand image causing a tar to its future prospects. Nevertheless, what perspectives would be used and conclusion of logical reasoning would need research and development. Hence the results about the perception about the effects of overt price has done to Apple in international context would be studied. The literature review would focus upon Brand and various associations of brands with pricing objectives is studied. The Questions pertinent to the study has been devised those would be directed to the i-tune users across the globe to have a primary data to know about their perspective. If required be for the subjects study the Qualitative questions would be used. The second part would brief it in full. Table of Contents Introduction. Rationale of the Study. Apple and iTunes. Brand Equity. Value Proposition. Product Differentiation. Market Segmentation. Low Cost Strategy Planning. Value. Discount Pricing. Everyday low price. Power of Pricing. Conclusions. References. Introduction The brand and its pricing strategies are directly linked with the way the consumers feel about the brand. Therefore the equity of a brand is dependent on the ways that the brand portraits itself in terms of pricing that in turn have a huge effect upon segmentation. Thus pricing is an important source of differentiation as the consumers relays the brands identity with the way the brands price for itself. The alignments would deal with the pricing tendencies for iTunes and the brand Apple itself. The brand associates with a segment when the price I displayed and when it comes to music, its free in the net age. However, the Apples policy of differentiation and its backlash on the equity itself would be critically analyzed and evaluated to have an informed conclusion. Rationale of the Study Brand equity is the value to the business, derived solely from the perception customers have about the company and the worth of your products and services. In this, pricing is a norm that generally focuses upon a multitude of subjects in the Brand mix like price, persona, and promotional ingredients. However, for Apple the feature of differentiation that too in an International was build upon i-Tunes for its futuristic business of mass-storage in entertainment. Therefore, if the policy had succeeded or had a negative effect upon the brand image is been researched. Therefore, the rationale is to study if brand and its pricing strategies do have any effect upon brand image and thus upon its Business equity, to study what was Apples plan and strategy for i-Tunes and to study the effects of the pricing upon Apples gross Brand equity On the subject, the latest comes from Adam Sherwin in The Independent of UK on 14th of this November, 2014 News desk that they have calculated the decline in U2 profits being tarnished too. This was kind of mutual brand withdrawal for both the Bonos U2 and Apple with the iPhone Six launch. Further, the news reports that U2 could only sell 6700 of its previous album in back catalogues, with this failure altogether. However, the Apples choice was to launch i-Tunes as a competent Apple sets like iPhone, iMac, iPad devices. However, the offer was to download songs instead of adding it. Nevertheless, iRadio was so big a price failure in terms of delivery along with tunes that the speculation is iPhone six launches may be the awaited disaster for Apple and the brand as a whole. The days of media and entertainment has gone a bit widened in terms of storage and the buffering services like those of You-tube, or Socio. Therefore, nobody would be interested to invest 10 pounds of money whom they have never heard of. Nevertheless, the offerings were such that those were even given a discount pricing offer substitute to download 500 tunes but those available there are probably of not the taste for all, because music is diverse and taste differs and thus limited 500 may have features those are not liked by all. The view of consumers would be taken into consideration from different media sources as the online feedback processes may be biased due to international locations. Nevertheless, the idea of making i-tunes a product mandatory for such a big storage device was the basic problem. However, the effects of it on the brand and its sales have become the research issue and thereby the literature review as follows would identify and analyze how brand and the pricing a re related and how do they have prices, what are the overture had it been to brand equity. Apple and iTunes Apple is a renowned brand from US based Computer manufacturer who are also famous their offerings in hardware supporting large memory in small space thus creating entertainment support and playing device and Operating software (OS). Innovations like i-Phone Technology making Apps a regular name to any techs today. Followed by these innovations the operating systems in these device however failed to generate any big success since its multi natural launch. But actually the strategy to make music payable or movies and books no funded like activity has become a regular activity. Form the consumers perspective for i-tunes subscriber in any Apple device has the inclination towards storing large amount of music in their device that has those multimedia offers like music playing, video outputs and also radio connectivity playing a range of US and Europe based radio channels (Sherwin, 2014). However, for an International launch the device seemed not to have attracted any substantial market out of US, Canada, UK and France. The reasons are may be in the build and the Operating Software Concept itself. The compatibility with other OS is poor when it comes to Apple. Therefore the sinks between two Apple devices are having complained in loading and sinking music between 2 i-Tune devices. Nevertheless, the physical infrastructures of different nations that have limited connectivity for mobile devices other than Wi-Fi connectivity are feeling that the i-Radio add-ons in i-Tunes have no use. Again, when one can taste music for free, why a consumer would buy a new launch music video with a price was not understood by the global i-Tune subscriber. Even in US markets, iTunes took off with a boom but that was a phase when the product was tested. The market infrastructure and offerings are not compatible at all places in the international markets. In launch I-Tune, Apple sought the consumers to buy music and sync them in their devices. However, the buying affinity (In this Case Music) is low in international markets along with the devices inability to competently sync all multimedia items in one device due to different different platforms of media playing OS those dont gets on with Apple. Again the I-Tunes cost is the major factor as the markets that the brand ventured is not keen to invest money upon a product like i-Tunes release before they have actually tasted the product. Nevertheless, the source of music is free and vast to choose from. Apple did not support the idea when at US market (Sanchez, 2014). Brand Equity The use of symbols, such as a name, logo, characters and slogans in promotional efforts, those helps build brand equity. Any pricing strategy also contributes to the perceptions customers have about the Brands offerings. Pricing is just as important to brand equity as other differentiators, because it is a source of meaning and identity. A solid pricing strategy can have a positive effect on brand equity, while a poor strategy can do the opposite. The various types of pricing strategies include premium pricing, discounted or competitive pricing, cost-based pricing, introductory or penetration pricing, everyday low pricing and bundle or bulk pricing. Finding the right pricing strategy is vitally important for the brand equity of a business. Nevertheless, the price is directly linked with product offerings, thus if a brand has less to offer the prices would be low as to keep the competitive edge, like most of the Retail brands and products pricing competition that we see for different grocery products (Cendrowski, 2012). Further, the more the price the more sensitive is a consumer about the offerings of the product. The equity for a few also is somewhat price based at cases where the Brand offerings are supposed to be suggested by the price of it. One example is like Rolex Watches. Useable goods with value offerings but the pricing is set in a manner that creates its difference with others with the price differential that would suggest some goods of value like high grade steel, high valued Gold, platinum or Silver usage. Nevertheless, it also suggests the target audience along with Strategic marketing plans. Value Proposition The offerings in substance and benefits on the products use perceived by the consumer are the Value Proposition for the product (Muller, 2013). Value proposition is generally described as the mixture of benefits that a business offer through their product or service solution to targeted customers. However, from a customer point of view, the value equation is simpler. Customers compare the relationship between a product's price and the perception of worth they take from its use or the experience they get from it. A price that is too high negatively impacts the value proposition, while a price below what could get reduces the profit margins. However, Hulshof (2014) suggests that Value proposition is dependent upon the way the consumer has developed the pace and length of loyalty towards a brand, or whensoevers choosing a brand. Product Differentiation The product mix is made out of components like product size, weight, offerings, price like factors. Differentiation means to develop and communicate something bigger, better or distinct about product offering. If the offerings are not presenting something distinct to the marketplace, then the business rely solely on arbitrary decision-making on the part of consumers. Developing a distinct and desired benefit mix and clearly telling market segments about it helps to drive customers to a business or products. Organic food makers or resellers pin their differentiation on the natural, healthy advantages their products provide and retailers may go for Price differentiation or Discounts and offers to let the consumers perceive that they are getting more for less. Market Segmentation Along with differentiation, the other key component of brand positioning is the target market to which business positions. Cendrowski (2012) argues that Business may offer an excellent, distinct benefit, but if it doesnt present the same to the right market segment, it doesnt really matter and the offerings may fail. For the Brands like Tesco its a larger Audience without much of Socio-Eco class segment than other Brands depending upon the product they sell. Again, location, age group of audience, income, taste, culture, belief like elements those comes as determinant in Market segmentation, when a brand chooses to offer and develop their class of audience. Offering the lowest price to a highly affluent market segment doesn't make much sense, for instance, because customers with money typically look for superior product benefits or excellent service. However, identifying customers based on shared demographic, geographic, and behavioral or lifestyle qualities are taken in promotion to o as considerations. Thus focusing business efforts on them improves a businesss potential to have better position on brand equity to its similar in a market. Low Cost Strategy Planning The low cost strategic planning is the differentiation or strategic values. Ge (2010) suggests that pricing can be differential (Specialty and uniqueness) or strategic (as in Commodity pricing-especially in the retail Industry). However, the market place gets to choose in segment terms which are the business targets. Low the cost of profit the between due to bulk sales of retails can be true. Nevertheless, the strategies those it chooses to give are actually bulk and those kinds of profits are at times not made in price competitiveness-differentiation-creation wise. Therefore, goods or product with high use and those having lesser range of profit due to higher consumption like daily use Breakfast cereals or packed milk like items. The retailers use these products to be in the market for consumers to come in therefore the basic ingredients that attracts one to the market. High End The high end pricing are those pricing that is set to create differentiation between other pertinent product having same offerings. This differentiation strategy is generally segment oriented which have a sense of luxuries and added value offerings in the product. Products like Apple i-Phone, A Rolex watch or a car from Ferrari or similar is associated with a unique feature that those prices signify. (Villanueva, 2007) suggests the factor as perceived value is high; the satisfaction is the key, the association and personality signature like items are the high end products. Value Value is the element of added property advantage that a consumer feels. This is not a solid objective outcome but a perceived goodness or utility and advantages that keep a product ahead from its competitors. Villanueva (2007) suggests that the value associated with a brand is a very precious item of Brand as if the repute does the brand faces, the trust and faith upon the brand that consumers perceive, gets affected. Brand Extension A brand extension occurs when leverage brand equity to market a new business or product to a new customer market. A prominent company example was Gap launching GapKids. Leading toilet paper brand Charmin expanded its brand by offering a lower-end option, Charmin Basic, to price-conscious consumers. Brand extensions only work if you have strong brand equity, because you essentially rely on your proven reputation to attract new business. Discount Pricing Businesses usually adopt a strategy of differentiation or price leadership. Differentiation works for companies operating in luxury or niche markets, while price leadership works for discount stores (Shaffer, 2005). The effect of a discount or competition pricing strategy can create an image of second-rate products, which could have a negative effect on the brands equity. For example, Tesco would come up with Weekly offers to give added groceries on a certain amount of buy. Thats like what extra that a consumer feels that they gain in the process, in the regular buying habit with Tesco. This alienated some customers, but gained brand equity for the company in other target markets. Everyday low price This pricing strategy is the official positioning of most grocery store chains. Walmart successfully follows this strategy, which is imitated by stores in other countries. The chains approach of profitable and sustainable price differentiation has become a winning strategy and created significant brand equity, positioning the company as a low price, high value retailer. In addition, brands that successfully move into developing markets with a large number of less affluent customers, such as China and India, have their brand equity directly affected by the affordability of their products to the target market. Power of Pricing Pricing at both ends of the strategy spectrum can affect brand equity in different ways. For a low cost high use product of daily need like Salt or packed milk the pricing plays the key differentiator among the brands. However Kotler (2008) suggests Premium pricing is the principle of setting a high price point to reflect the products exclusivity and quality. Kittlaus and Clough (2009) argues that, with niche brands, such as sedan class Mercedes Benz or Rolex, the price is an aspect that the customers of the brand association enjoyments. It adds meaning and value to their purchase and sets the product apart from its competition. This makes the pricing strategy an important and integral aspect of the products brand equity. If the product doesnt have any other strong differentiators, however, lower prices are likely to sell better than more expensive ones. Research Questions The research questions would try to answer the following: Do the product like music, movies and books like products of social and moral value associate with pricing? Did the Apples objective in pricing strategy have a direct impact upon its brand image? How did international launch of i-Tunes impact the Brand image of Apple? Nevertheless, the objectives would be building upon the rational of the subject that would be linked with the questions that the proposal suggests. Conclusions The assignment would build on effective study that had been done by primary research over the i-Tunes subscribers all across the globe in different cities among different age groups. However, the primary data gathered may be further studied for the Qualitative answers if they may require. Nevertheless, the online distribution and study conduction would be done for the assignment. The ways that the brand of Apple has been affected could be understood and the effect of price among the global population about a product like music and entertainment. Therefore the design would be to understand the brand association damage that Apple has faced and what all strategies proved failure in this process would be analyzed. References Books Kittlaus, H. and Clough, P. (2009) Software product management and pricing. 2nd Ed, Berlin: Springer Kotler, P. (2008) Marketing Management, 4th Ed, New York: Free Press. Shaffer, F. (2005) Costing out nursing, 3rd Ed, New York: National League for Nursing. Villanueva, J. (2007) Customer Equity. 1St. Ed. Hanover: Now Publishers. Cendrowski, H. (2012) Private equity. 2nd Ed, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Journals Ge, D. (2010) Value pricing in presence of network effects Journal Of Product Brand Management, 11(3), 174-185 Huang, T. (2011) The Value of Clickstream Tracking: Advance Demand Information, Product Personalization and Personalized Pricing SSRN Journal, 23 (2), pp. 12-19 Hulshof, J. (2014) Sustainable Health Care Systems: The Role of Therapeutic Value and Value Based Pricing Value In Health, 17(7), pp. 452- 454 Muller, J. (2013) Value Based Pricing in the Context of Software Product Line Engineering SSRN Journal, 13(1), pp. 12-23 PART-2 Executive Summary The Second part of the Assignment focus on the research methodology. The tools and techniques those would be used in conducting the research along with the research approached that would be guiding the entire process is discussed. The sample size along with population identification for the specific subject is been done. The various methods used in both Primary and Secondary data collection and analysis along with the various Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches are been evaluated. The care towards the maintenance of ethics and their practices would be maintained in this project with sufficient details. Nevertheless, the answers and figures those come out of the evaluation and analysis would be further deduced to sync them with the research objectives that would give an answer to the hypothesis with which the research started. Thereby recommendations would be generated for the Apple brand that witch may help them is maintaining the brand image and value. Table of Contents Introduction. 4 Back Ground of the Study. 4 Research Methodology. 6 Data Analysis. 8 Ethics Validity and Reliability. 9 Conclusions. 10 References. 11 Introduction The research design and plans for the research design implementation along with the plans to analyze the answer on a score card the results would be derived. However, the theories and context of the research as discussed in Assignment 1 would be designed to practically evaluate for the case study with the product users and that would be compiled within the subject of research in a graphical and tabular form. Background of the study is suggesting Apple and its association with i-Tunes another significant offering of Apple had have a international launch even very recently. Further, the evaluation of Future benefits and occurrences would be judged and recommendations for a better marketing and offering strategy would be focused upon. Back Ground of the Study Apple Inc was formed by Late Mr. Steve Jobs in 1977 and has made significant amount original product design and innovation in this short span of time that the brand has been in existence. Apple Inc is a US based multi-billion and multinational tech giant that has a very high brand perception among the US consumers as the Surveys suggests. Nevertheless, the consumer electronic and goods market with its IT focused product offerings have changed the way the market dynamics used to work. I-Cloud, i-Tunes, i-Mac a few offerings that the brand have had and comes assured with its hardware Operating Software base. I-tunes is the Operating Software and Music store for Apple Users in there devices. However, few features dont work out of US and European borders, even though its the third largest Mobile Phone maker, and the second largest Information Technology Company on the globe. Therefore the idea to buy a song and have a taste about a new-comer was not a suitable idea neither the process of storing all media files and playing them with comfortable ease was possible. Therefore, Apple created a Product which had its own IT environment that was a Specific OS based (Apple.com, 2014). However, post the launch of Googles parallel free store and mini store ranges the OS based devices like smart phones and other such smart devices upgraded to a Android OS which was perceived as a more user friendly, naturally flexible and reliable source of platform usage that can be upgraded from time to time with no major hard or software changes. However, the international market welcomed the international Brands like Apple to be open in Markets like China and India along with other significant markets like Japan and Europe. With time the complain in regard to the design incompatibility with its associate environment gadgets like other OS ran Hardware, became more and more prominent. The Radios dont operate in those parts, the music offered have a price tag to it whereas those markets perceives Music and Media a product those are not associated with price, preferable to say that they dont consume something that they have no taste about. Therefore, the idea is to judge the effect t hat the brand of Apple had when it associated with an offering like i-Tunes. The effects had been till what extend would be suitable evaluated in the research, especially in its international launch (Fortt, 2014). Therefore, the updating problems from one OS to another, compatibility between 2 Apple different generation products are coming to forth in light. However, the apps and gadget usability wise the brand value is still considered to be a prominent Global Tech Gadget brand. The Apple Evangelism was predominantly observed in the UK US markets where the i-Phone 5 and Sic were released. In a publication of Sunday Telegraph from London of 12th Of May, 2014 Guy Kawasaki calls this association with Apple is very personal and intimate. The user assets the brands mix a great composition of their needs and requirements. However, internationally the flavor is not the same. What US and UK did in pre-Android OS age is not the trend since the music is a option of choice and i-Tunes have priced it and have created a Storage barrier too for the users from previously using a different support system, altogether (Bbc.com, 2014). Therefore the study would be conducting a online survey about the effects that the brand have had in the last 1 year due to its i-Tunes offering in the International Market. Whatever value the brand had generated came mainly from a very US based perspective where the considerations of other cultures were not taken into account. Further, the Gaps in Infrastructure with Apples other System support devices lost the incredible amount of interest that Apple has designed with its i-tunes strategy setting. The same would be evaluated from among the Apple users of all different geopolitical locations with a set of online questioner that would be covered by 10 questions specific to the subject of study with choices to answer from yes and no which determine their product perceptions. Research Methodology The research methodology is the use of research philosophy and tools to arrive for research objectives with ease and accuracy are to be used for the study. The research is the findings and its analysis of those elements like data, maps and survey reports that gives an output or answer Qualitative or Quantitative in nature to arrive to a specific research objective. The data used in the process can be both Primary and Secondary data those associate with answers given by a set of people and been catalogued to formulate the answers to evaluate the research objectives. The test Questions of 10 numbers would be frames with ratings from 1 to 5 as in Likers Scale. Therefore the accumulation of agreeability to disagreeability in terms of the research questions would be analyzed. Nevertheless, the research process progresses on a pragmatism based upon post-positivism. Ketchen and Bergh (2004) argues that for a research in Qualitative the hypotheses of the approach is build upon the process like data collection that can be formulated to come to a comprehensive conclusion. While the positivist epistemology deals only with observed and measured knowledge, the post-positivist epistemology recognizes that such an approach would result in making many important aspects of psychology irrelevant. Burita (2014) argues that because feelings and perceptions cannot be readily measured. In post-positivist is based on the concept of critical realism, that there is a real world out there independent of our perception of it and that the objective of science is to try and understand it. The hypothesis is the question in the research consideration like the case goes. However, since the process aims to find out the possible association with various elements, in these pricing effects on the Brand, therefore the research would identify the associate variables those have an effect upon the brand. The sources can be qualitative research through survey questioner among the target audience or from other sources those have already been published (Welman et al. 2005). Furthermore, the data collected from various means are guided by strict research method practices to build a Statistical Analysis. Schuessler (1969) suggests that statistical analysis helps in interpreting the researchers objectives by helping to discover complex relationship in the research, both in terms of help and effects. This is carried out with the aid of sophisticated statistical computer packages like those used in Multi-Level Marketing analysis like SPSS. The analysis enables the researchers to determi ne to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables. The Qualitative research questions would be sent to 100 i-Tune users across the globe. Of which an expected 50 numbers would give the right answers for a tabular formulation and hence graphical representation. Schuessler (1969) states, the Quantitative evidence collected would suggest if the Qualitative inputs are required along with what all more needs to be known for a full research analysis. Qualitative data in this web platform would be used as the Primary data for the research purpose. Nevertheless, the secondary source would come from already established sources like books, Journals and media sources. Feedback mechanism that would give a data that was not originally gathered and compiled from the research but has been used to demonstrate the evaluations would be called Secondary Data. Based upon the inferences drawn a few i-Tune users can be interviewed and asked if the offerings were to be made better what all needs to be added. Those would give a comprehensive recommendation for the study. The Secondary Data would be got from the different published sources like Tech Magazine, Surveys conducted by other individual and agencies with publish source references, for the subject that closely relate to the conclusion. However, Lasker (2003) suggests that all Literature sources are secondary sources that would be used to build the case. Again, Secondary data sources can be either primary or secondary depending upon the source. Keys (1988) suggest that a clear advantage of secondary data is that already a lot of background research has been done before publishing the data and the evaluations thereof. Matta and Holloway (2012) suggests that since secondary data have a pre-established degree of validity and reliability however, the researcher has to use a good amount of pretext check before utilizing those data sources as not all sources are genuine or are effective evaluative for the objective at hand. Therefore Boddington (1993) opined that it is always advised to check the se condary data sources and its reliability in context to the research conducted. Hence, it may be stated that actually one could go as far as claim that qualitative secondary data analysis can be understood, not so much as the analysis of pre-existing data. Hence Ketchen and Bergh (2004) suggest, it is rather as involving a process of re-contextualizing, and re-constructing, data thereof for the research objectives. Data Analysis The data analysis is the process where the research is concluded with making all effective tools like questioners ready, receive them and articulate the findings in form of results that meets the research objectives. However, the discussion sections at the end of articles in project reviewed is made to describe the results of the study and explain the implications of the findings in a form that have conclusions drawn from the research processes. This evaluates the results in terms of objective evaluation. Sample and Population: The sample size is the size of arbitrarily chosen bunch for the research purpose from the entire population. In the case, lets say all Apple Users are the population then sample size would be those who actually take part in the survey in the process. The population in this case would be all Apple product users with an i-Tunes account. Whereas the sample would be those 100 randomly selected from the group that population, again, the 50 who are expected to take part is the sample for the survey in this case. Quantitative Research: A research of a subject conducted by an individual to gather raw data those further is compiled and processed to reach an evaluation is Quantitative Research. Quantitative research generally progress upon the lines of Questionnaire and online feedbacks received from the sample. Bersted et al. (1970) suggests that the main emphasis of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the specific. Therefore, the main emphasis of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the specifics of a research objective evaluation. The sample size is 50 for the research subject. Qualitative Research: Burita (2014) suggests that a Qualitative research is sometimes referred to as a top down approach. The validity of conclusions is shown to be dependent on one or more premises (prior statements, findings, condition reports) and subjected to the conditions that those sources and its inputs are based upon valid context. However, for more details to find suitable recommendations and have specific problem area identified the Qualitative research may be conducted post the primary data collection. Therefore, 5 people from the population may be selected for a set of 5 question Qualitative interviews where the Skype, or Facebook Chat like modes may be used to further understand demonstrate the research objectives. Analysis and inference: Ketchen and Bergh (2004) suggest that the number of the findings from the research process is formed on a tabular sheet to analyze the research objectives. These techniques are suggested to be based on a statistical derivation out of Primary data or any other secondary data source. From the found inferences here the inclination towards the hypothesis or otherwise is identified. In this case the Qualitative research would be based upon the findings to find effective recommendations based out of those feedbacks from various locations. Therefore for the research the data analysis would follow the simple deductive methods of statistics use by either simple descriptive or more complex statistical inferences. However, the pragmatic approach would be to consider both the elements from Qualitative and Quantitative approach. The best control tool is to evaluate the outcomes in different stages of the research process. Jha (2008) argued that at times the interviewed audience may be politically biased where they wish to give a biased view or may have a tendency to portray a wrong figure or conclusion to actually what they think. Therefore the check and balance system would serve the cause best in keeping the received data true and accurate. Again Arnone and Stockley (2005) observed, the findings of the research might be reported in more personal terms, often using the precise words of the research participants. Ethics Validity and Reliability The ethics and validity of the research is connected to the research design and approach. Since the research is based out of a question that considers that the value of a product associate is affecting the product as a whole in International markets, therefore the validity needs to be defined from an international perspective. The idea is to select 5 nations from each big continent where Apple has been launched. Therefore, a level of data correction and to ensure that no bias has occurred in data collection and sampling or evaluation process the data validity needs to be checked at a stipulated period each time. However, the ethics of the researcher would be contained towards gathering the data from the right sources along with sufficient resource references and acknowledgement of those sources those are being used. Again, the validity of a data has to be matched since in different parts of the globe the perceptions are different and that there is no bias has to be kept at look at al l times. Conclusions The research would help the researcher to progress in accordance to the submitted research structure whereby all inputs in regard to the research data collection and evaluation would be done on the grounds of ethical moral practices to get the intended learning outcomes from the research project. Nevertheless, whether the hypothesis on the research subject had been sufficiently correct or to what degree was it was incorrect would be calculated. Eventually the recommendations for the brand to perform better in the long run would be evaluated along with specific needs those need to be undertaken in the international markets. References Books Arnone, M., and Stockley, G. (2005) Mac, Information Detective, in-- the Curious Kids and the squiggly question 2nd Ed, Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited Jha, N. (2008) Research methodology, 3rd Ed, Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Ketchen, D., and Bergh, D. (2004) Research methodology in strategy and management, 2nd Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier. Burita, L. (2014) Information Systems in Education 1st Ed, Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Welman, C., Kruger, F., Mitchell, B., and Huysamen, G. (2005) Research methodology. 3rd Ed, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Lasker, G. (2003) Acta systemica. 1st Ed, Windsor, Ont.: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics Journals Bersted, C., Brown, B., and Evans, S. (1970) Evaluation of unconstrained sorting data, Behavioral Research Mechanical. and Instrumentation 2(3), 108-110 Boddington, A. (1993) Methods in research evaluation Research Evaluation, 3(2), 66-67 Matta, J and P.H. Holloway (2012) International Research Practices, International Journal Of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), pp. 44-48 Keys, P. (1988) A methodology for methodology choice. Syst. Res., 5(1), pp. 65-76 Schuessler, K. (1969) Covariance Analysis in Sociological Research, Sociological Methodology, 1(3), pp. 44-45

Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets

Sanguine mangers characterized by a keenness of understanding of market forces know quite well what to expect when launching a new product in a new market that is characterized by a multicultural environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They know that issues such as cultural differences, product branding, norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, distribution channels, communication strategies, market expectations, and satisfied customer differentiate one market from the another (Kang, ND). Success in one market, as has been evident in the US market may not translate to success in the Japanese, South African, or the South American markets. Each market uniquely defines itself by a myriad of issues such as cultural differences and marketing communications as noted above. Therefore, a marketing plan devised by the successful marketer must integ rate strategies focusing a specific audience. That is the case with Uniland multi-national cooperation. Uniland has successfully marketed its new product in the US market and has aggressively set down marketing plans to take the product further, labeled as Orange homecare medical product, into the global market particularly the South American, South African, and the Japanese markets. Different markets are uniquely characterized by different marketing strategies due to different cultural backgrounds, consumer tastes, consumer behavior, reactions, and consumer perceptions about new products (Kang, n.d). Marketing a new product in the US may demand less sophisticated distribution and marketing channels than can be demanded by marketing a similar product in the Japanese, South African, and the South American markets. A solid knowledge about the new market is indispensable to successfully penetrate and launch the new product (Cronin, 2000). In the modern age of e-marketing, the marketing manager in the new markets could establish a connection element that plays a key role in reaching the target market. Effective communication strategies, e-commerce strategies, could effectively enable the marketing manager to strategically mobilize the target audience to establish a strong connection with them (Arikan, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most important consideration in designing marketing strategies for foreign markets that differentiates them with the local US market revolves around culture and brand perceptions carried in the brand message. The American audience may perceive and connect a brand message to their cultural settings differently from the way the Japanese and other markets could. The brand message is a critical component in marketing in these audiences. Multicultural environments always feel connected to a brand’s message that is delivered through media devices such mobile phones among others. A brand message should critically reflect the cultural settings of the target audience and should explicitly reflect their culture at all levels of product marketing. Therefore, the marketing manager should strategically tailor the new product to reflect the cultural settings of the new markets. That is because in the new e-commerce age, while firms find the e-platform as a strategic tool in reaching target audiences in real time, brand messages have the potential to mobilize a big market share leading to higher profits and strong product position. On the other hand, wrongly branded messages tailored for specific audiences lead to wrong perceptions and loss of market (Arikan, 2008). In conclusion, while a prospective manager searching for opportunities in new markets may use e-commerce tools such as the internet to get instant access to new markets, the need to inculcate a culture as a driving force in formulating new marketing strategies is overly indispensable. References Arikan, A. (2008). Multi-channel Marketing: Metrics and Methods for a Successful  Business. New Jersey: Sybex Publishers. Cronin, M. (2000). Unchained Value: The New Logic of Digital Business. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kang, J. (n.d). Marketing in a Multicultural Environment: Understanding Asian  Consumers. The Chartered Institute of Marketing, Hong Kong. Web. This essay on Marketing Strategies for Certain Markets was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.